چکیده:
لازمۀ گذر از رودخانه های فصلی و دائمی با انگیزه های متنوع تجاری و سیاسی و نظامی در دوره های مختلف، احداث پل بوده است. در این میان آذربایجان شرقی به سبب قرار داشتن بر مسیر جادۀ ابریشم و راه های ارتباطی شرقی ــ غربی و شمالی ـ جنوبی همواره نقش مهمی در روابط تجاری و مسیرهای تجاری داشته است و در دوره های تاریخی توجه زیادی به ساخت پل ها و مسیرهای عبور و مرور در آن شده است. پل دختر میانه از جملۀ مهم ترین این پل هاست که بر اساس قرائت های کتیبۀ تخریب شدۀ پل، تاریخ ساخت آن را به سال ۸۸۸ق در دورۀ تیموری نسبت می دهند، ولی تاریخ احداث بنای اولیۀ پل با توجه به شواهد تاریخی، احتمالاً به زمانی قبل از آن بازمی گردد. از لحاظ معماری، پل دختر میانه شامل سه چشمه (دهانه) بزرگ با قوس جناقی، همراه با سه آب گذر کوچک بر روی آب بُر های مستحکم سنگی است. سازۀ آجری پل را با ملات ساروج روی طاق های ترکیبی که آمیزه ای از شیوۀ طاق زنی رومی و ضربی هستند؛ بنا کرده اند. به جز آسیبِ ناشی از فرسایش بر اثر گذشت زمان، مُخرب ترین آسیب سازه ای در ۲۱آذر ۵۲۳۱ش بر اثر انفجار دهانۀ میانی پل توسط فرقه دموکرات آذربایجان به پل وارد شده است. بنای پل در طول سالیان بارها مرمت و بازسازی شده است. بر اساس کتیبۀ پل نخستین بار در قرن دهم هجری (دورۀ صفوی) و آخرین بار به صورت ناموفق در سال ۲۸۳۱ش توسط سازمان میراث فرهنگی مرمت شده است. پژوهش حاضر بر اساس مطالعۀ اسنادی به بررسی تاریخی و تطبیقی پل دختر میانه و مرمت های آن پرداخته است و لزوم مرمت و بازسازی کامل پل را به منظور جلوگیری از تخریب بیش تر آن و احیای مجموعۀ قلعۀ دختر و پل را به عنوان یکی از قطب های گردشگری شهرستان میانه پیشنهاد می کند.
Bridges are a kind of architectural engineering structure that satisfy economic, political and military needs during road construction of the historical period. They vary based on the environment and prevailing architectural style of each period. There are a large number of historical bridges dating back to the pre-Islamic and Islamic periods which are worthy of attention in terms of architecture and engineering. Among others, Pol-e-Dokhtar Bridge over Qizil Uzan River in town of Miyaneh –East Azerbaijan Province- is a remarkable property in northwest of Iran which stands along the main branches of Silk Roads. Its historical strategic significance, encouragement of people for its construction, and exposure to ruination are of the main reasons to carry out this research. Pol-e-Dokhtar Bridge is one of the most outstanding properties of town of Miyaneh in a distance of 20 Km southeastwardly and near to Qaflankuh Heights and 2 Km to Qal’eh Dokhtar (Dokhtar Castle) and over Qizil Uzan River (Red River). In the historical period, it facilitated the connection between Azerbaijan with Ray. It comprises of three big spans with raised pointed arches and three smaller culverts. The bridge is 120 m in length and a passageway 11 m in width. Its direction is east-west and its highest point is 16 m. The bridge piers are made of carved stones with beautiful and strong facade in the form of triangular (and polygonal) cutwaters for better water flow. To construct the bridge, the builders used KONUD Method i. e. building small arches in the opposite direction of the main arch. This prevents the occurrence of arch movement from both sides and total reinforcement against the earthquake. Based on the readings of one of the ruined inscriptions it was built in 888 H. / 1483 A. D. at the time of the Timurids. But the date of its first construction probably dates to an earlier time and at least to the Ilkhanid period according to Arthur Upham Pope, Jafar Qiassi and Yousef Kiani. In terms of architecture, the bridge enjoys three big spans with raised pointed arches and three smaller culverts with strong stone cutwaters. The piers are made of stones and its brick part has been constructed with stucco mortar on the arches which are a combination of vaulting of raised pointed arches with straight barrel vaults. Besides to abrasion during its lifespan, the most important damage to the bridge was the one which exploded the central span in 12. 12. 1946. This led to destruction of the main span of the bridge. The Azerbaijan Democratic Sect blasted the bridge. it has been renovated for several times. Based on one of its earliest inscriptions, it was renovated in 10th century H. /15th century A. D. (the Safavid period) and the last one was unsuccessfully carried out by the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization in 2003. The present research utilizes field and archival studies to examine its historical and comparative studies about Pol-e-Dokhtar Bridge and its conservation. This paper tries to focus on the necessity for complete conservation of the bridge to prevent more destruction of it. In addition, revitalization of Qal’eh Dokhtar (Dokhtar Castle) would provide a touristic potential to the town of Miyaneh.
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