چکیده:
هدف: هدف این پژوهش بررسی نقش شباهت ساختاری و زمان فعل در ساخت بازنماییهای نحوی یکپارچه در دوزبانههای فارسی و انگلیسی است. روش پژوهش: این مطالعه در بین افراد دو زبانهه فارسی - انگلیسی صورت گرفته است. پارادایم مورد استفاده در این پژوهش پرایمینگ یا آماده سازی نحوی بین زبانی بوده است. شرکت کننده ابتدا در معرض جملهای (جمله پرایم) به زبان الف قرار میگیرد که دارای ساخت نحوی خاصی مثل مجهول است. سپس باید برای توصیف تصویر جملهای را به زبان ب (جمله هدف) تولید نماید. چنانچه تولید جمله او به زبان ب به طرز قابل ملاحظهای تحت تاثیر جملهای که ابتدا به او ارائه شده بود قرار داشته باشد و به عبارتی از همان ساخت نحوی جمله پیشین استفاده نماید، در این صورت گفته میشود که اثر پرایمینگ نحوی بین زبانی رخ داده است. برای این پژوهش چهار آزمون طراحی شده است که در آنها زبان جمله پرایم یا فارسی و یا انگلیسی بود و زبان جمله هدف یا فارسی یا انگلیسی بود. بحث و نتیجهگیری: یافتهها نشان داد که در هیچ یک از جهتهای زبانی (فارسی به انگلیسی و انگلیسی به فارسی) پرایمینگ نحوی بین زبانی رخ نداد. این نتایج نشان میدهند که تفاوت ساختاری در دو زبان فارسی و انگلیسی عاملی تاثیرگذار در پرایمینگ نحوی بین زبانی است. همچنین، با اضافه کردن قید زمانی بر پرایمینگ نحوی بین «روی تصاویر در دو آزمون مشخص شد که چنانچه زمان جملۀ پرایم با زمان جملۀ هدف تفاوت داشته باشد، باز هم رخ نمیدهد.
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the role of construction similarity and verb tense in the construction of integrated syntactic representations in Persian and English bilinguals. Bilingual speakers aged 18 to 40 years (mean= 23 years old) fluent in Persian (as a mother tongue) and English (as a second language) attended in this study. We used the cross-language syntactic priming paradigm. The participants were first presented a sentence (prime sentence) in language A, which had a special syntactic construction such as the passive structure. Then the participants had to produce a sentence in language B (target sentence) in order to describe the target picture. If her/his production of sentences in language B is significantly influenced by the syntactic structure of the sentence that was first presented to her/him (i.e., s/he uses the same syntactic construction of the previous sentence), it is feasible to believe that cross-language syntactic priming occurred. In the present study, 4 experiments were designed in which the language of the prime sentence was Persian or English and the target language was either Persian or English. Also, in order to examine whether the syntactic representation is independent from the tense of the verb and whether syntactic priming is affected by whether tense of the verb stayed the same or differed between prime and target, the tense of the prime and target sentences was either the same or different in Experiments 2 and 4. The results showed that there were no cross-language priming effects in any linguistic directions (Persian to English and English to Persian). These results showed that structural differences in Persian and English languages are an influential factor in the occurrence of cross-language syntactic priming and, different word order of passive sentences prevents the occurrence of cross-language syntactic priming. The results from Experiments 2 and 4 also revealed that if the tense of the prime sentence is different or the same from the tense of the target sentence, cross-language syntactic priming did not occur. Keywords: Bilingualism, Syntactic Representation, Syntactic Processing, Cross-Language Syntactic Priming, Bilingual Language Processing Introduction: Syntactic representations and storage of syntactic information in bilingual speakers, and the issue whether syntactic representation is accessed independently from semantic and phonological representations are some of the most important issues that have recently been considered in psycholinguistic studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of construction similarity and verb tense in the construction of integrated syntactic representations in Persian and English bilinguals. In particular, the main question of the research is whether the syntax is shared or separated between languages of bilinguals. In other words, we examined whether bilingual speakers have 2 separate syntactic representations, one for each language (the separate-syntax account), or whether at least some syntactic representations are shared between the two languages of bilinguals (the shared-syntax account)? According to the shared-syntax account, the rules that are the same across the two languages, are represented once. The shared-syntax account predicts cross-language priming effect. Cross-language syntactic priming is one of the most frequently used paradigms to examine syntactic representations and organizations of different linguistic components in memory. Materials and Methods: Bilingual speakers aged 18 to 40 years (mean= 23 years old) fluent in Persian (as a mother tongue) and English (as a second language) attended in this study. Participants’ language proficiency was tested by a self-assessment questionnaire. Moreover, their language proficiency in four skills was measured by a short interview. We used the cross-language syntactic priming paradigm. The cross-language syntactic priming effect was investigated in both directions (Farsi to English & English to Farsi). The participants were first presented a sentence (prime sentence) in language A, which had a special syntactic construction such as the passive structure. Then a picture was presented to the participants. The participants had to produce a sentence in language B (target sentence) in order to describe the target picture. If their production of sentences in language B is significantly influenced by the syntactic structure of the sentence that was first presented to them (i.e., they use the same syntactic construction of the previous sentence), it is feasible to believe that cross-language syntactic priming occurred. In the present study, 4 experiments were designed in which the language of the prime sentence was either Persian (Experiments 1 and 2) or English (Experiments 3 and 4) and the target language was either Persian or English. We used 40 sentences as prime stimulus ad 40 pictures as target stimulus. Moreover, in order to examine whether the syntactic representation is independent from the tense of the verb and whether cross-language syntactic priming is affected by whether tense of the verb stayed the same or differed between prime and target, the tense of the prime and target sentences was either the same or different in Experiments 2 and 4. The tense words (e.g., today, tomorrow) were depicted below the target pictures. Discussion of Results and Conclusions: The results showed that there were no cross-language priming effects in any linguistic directions (Persian to English and English to Persian). These results also showed that structural differences in the Persian and English languages are an influential factor in the occurrence of cross-language syntactic priming and different word orders of passive sentences in Persian and English prevent the occurrence of cross-language syntactic priming. The results from Experiments 2 and 4 also revealed that if the tense of the prime sentence is different or the same from the tense of the target sentence, cross-language syntactic priming did not occur. The results are consistent with the previous studies that reported that sstructural differences across the two languages are an influential factor in the occurrence of cross-language syntactic priming and that word order is a vital factor in cross-language priming.
خلاصه ماشینی:
چنانچه تولید جمله او به زبان ب به طرز قابل ملاحظه ای تحت تاثیر جمله ای که ابتدا به او ارائه شده بود قرار داشـته باشـد و به عبارتی از همان ساخت نحوی جمله پیشین استفاده نماید، در این صورت گفته می شود که اثر پرایمینگ نحوی بین زبانی رخ داده است .
این نتایج با نتایج پژوهش لوبل و بوک ٥ در سال ٢٠٠٣ مغایرت داشت و آن ها نشان دادند که میان جملات معلوم و مجهول بین دو زبان انگلیسی و آلمانی اثر آماده سازی وجود نداشت در حالی که برای ساختارهای مفعولی با حرف اضافه و بدون آن این اثر مشاهده شد و شاهدی محکم در حمایت از فرضیۀ مشترک بودن دانش نحوی بین زبان ها بود.
naming agreement جدول ١- آزمایش های به کاررفته در پژوهش Table 1- Ex eriments used in this stud {مراجعه شود به فایل جدول الحاقی} شیوۀ ارائۀ تصاویر و پرایم ها به این صورت است : Press Spacebar + Prime Presentation (4000 ms) + Picture Presentation (4000 ms) شیوۀ اجرای آزمون به این صورت بود که پس از تکمیل پرسشنامۀ خودارزیابی سطح زبان انگلیسی و مصاحبۀ شفاهی کوتاه ، به افراد فایلی برای آشناسازی ١ آن ها با تصاویر آزمون و افعال متناظرشان به فارسی نمایش داده شد که هر فرد بادقت به فعل مربوط به هر تصویر، میبایستی در آزمایش از آن فعل ها استفاده کند.
٦. بحث و نتیجه گیری آزمایش ١ به بررسی اثر پرایمینگ نحوی بین زبانی در دوزبانه های فارسی – انگلیسی با استفاده از آزمایش توصیف تصاویر پس از مشاهدۀ جملات پرایم میپردازد.