چکیده:
گردشگری ورزشی بهمثابة قابلیتی محرز و مغفولمانده، نیازمند فرصتهایی است که ضمن شکوفاکردن و بالفعلکردن این مزیت نسبی، در تحقق چشمانداز و سازمان فضایی مطلوب سرزمینی نقش داشته باشند. براساس سند آمایش استان لرستان در شکلبندی کلان نظام فضایی، این استان قلمروهای فضایی مستعد گردشگری دارد که بسیاری از آنها برای گردشگری ورزشی مناسباند. هدف پژوهش حاضر، واکاوی و تحلیل نارساییهای گردشگری ورزشی از منظر فرصتها و قابلیتهاست. ابزار و روش گردآوری اطلاعات مبتنی بر شیوة کتابخانهای و پرسشنامة محققساخته (تحلیل آثار متقاطع عوامل) بوده است. برای انجام پژوهش از روشهای تحلیلی مبتنی بر ابزار دلفی و مدلسازی تفسیریساختاری استفاده شده است؛ بدین منظور براساس نظرات خبرگان (10 نفر از خبرگان استانی) امتیازبندی و با بهرهگیری از نرمافزار میکمک تحلیل صورت گرفته است. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد از بین مؤلفههای «قابلیت» و «فرصت»، بیشترین مؤلفههای اثرگذار بر گردشگری ورزشی با 54.5 درصد به متغیر «فرصت» مربوط است. خوشهبندی، تحلیل و پراکنش پیشرانهای گردشگری ورزشی بیانکنندة این واقعیت است که پیشرانهای کلیدی در هر دو بعد «فرصت» و «قابلیت» بهصورت متوازن و مساوی توزیع شده است؛ این در حالی است که تعدد پیشرانهای وابسته و مستقل در بعد «فرصت» به ترتیب با میزان 9.10 درصد و 13.60 درصد بیشتر از بعد «قابلیت» است.
1. Introduction Tourism is one of the largest and most profitable industries in the world and is used as a development strategy in many countries. The tourism industry is the main source of income and employment in many countries. It also contributes to the growth of non-governmental industries and infrastructure development. Given the importance of the tourism industry in the economic development of countries, it is necessary to identify different types of this industry and pay special attention to the more important types. Sports tourism is one of the growing and popular types of the tourism industry, which has emerged from the link between tourism and sports. Sports tourism is a formal or informal journey that people make for entertainment like watching sports matches. This type of tourism has become one of the important business and economic strategies for income, employment, and infrastructure development in many counties. Statistical data show that the countries with good sports tourism conditions contribute to a large part of their economy by this type of tourism. However, sports tourism can have implications for tourist areas that may benefit from or incur the costs of this development. One of the ways to develop sports tourism is to recognize and use the factors affecting its development. Tourist attractions such as high mountains, snow-covered areas, waterfalls, large rivers, etc. are among the potentials that can be used to develop sports tourism. The purpose of this study is to identify the potentials of sports tourism and ways to develop them in the study area. 2. Methodology The present research was an applied study. It was conducted based on documentary-survey sources (researcher-made questionnaires). Using the available resources in the field of study, the most important components and criteria affecting the future opportunities and capabilities of sports tourism in Lorestan province were explored. In this regard, due to the diversity of contributing factors and to determine the consensus of thematic and local experts on each of the factors and the importance of each, the criteria have been reduced based on their importance. In this regard, the factors affecting sports tourism were identified by the experts by the Delphi questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using Mick Mac software. 3. Discussion The findings showed that out of a total of 22 factors, 3 factors were in the cluster of dependent variables, 2 variables were in the intermediate cluster, 5 variables were in the cluster of independent variables, and 12 variables were in the cluster of key variables. This shows the diversity of key drivers in creating opportunities commensurate with tourism potentials. In other words, from the total of mentioned variables, 50% of the drivers are strategic (key) drivers. Of the total effective factors in creating opportunities commensurate with the capabilities of sports tourism, 54.5% were in the cluster of tourism opportunities, and 45.4% in the cluster of sports tourism potentials. Moreover, 54.5% of the factors mentioned in the terms of ‘capability assessment’ and ‘opportunistic proportionality’ were key variables, 22.7% were independent, 13.6% were dependent, and 9.09% were in the cluster of neutral variables. In terms of ‘opportunity’, the factors of ‘tourism identification and extra-regional, national and international networking’, ‘information and advertising outside the region’, ‘opportunity making appropriate with the capability of sports-oriented tourism’, ‘investing in sports tourism in present and future’, ‘tourism development policies and strategies’, ‘tourism business model and structure’ were key factors. The factor of ‘branding (symbolization) and fame of sports tourism and nature tourism’ and ‘accompanying tourists by providing free incentives and facilities’ except for the dependent factor, the factors of ‘institution and organization of sports tourism’, ‘bedding of cheap air transit and network price’ and ‘national and international agencies’ were considered as independent factors. The allocation of advertising funds is considered as a neutral or intermediate factor. In terms of ‘capability’, the factors of ‘tourism stabilization’, ‘attractiveness for out-of-province tourists with the priority of neighboring tourists’, ‘change of aid from agriculture to tourism’, ‘the impact of beneficiaries in the development of sports tourism’, ‘inexpensive tourism’, ‘combined tourism (sports, natural tourism, ecotourism, geo-tourism)’ were of the key factors. ‘Local and indigenous cultural-social reception of tourism’ was a dependent factor, and ‘existing capacity of tourism structure’ and ‘governmental-dependent institutional skillful requirements’ were independent factors. 4. Conclusion Sports tourism is an emerging capability that has favorable spatial outcomes at sectoral, territorial, and organizational levels. This capability will have an objective-spatial reflection as a potential advantage when it creates an opportunity appropriate for this capability. In this regard, identifying the effective factors in the spatial development of sports tourism capabilities and future opportunities are essential. Therefore, 22 effective factors and drivers in utilizing the capabilities were identified and analyzed. In this regard, among the variables ‘opportunity’ and ‘capability’, the most influential factors in the current and future situation of sports tourism were the variable ‘opportunity’ with 54.5% and the variable ‘capability’ with 45.4%. This indicates that despite the sports tourism capabilities in the Lorestan Province, the variable ‘opportunity’ has a key role in future planning and achieving the desired spatial organization of sports tourism. The findings of the present study fill a gap in the research background, which can be considered in sports tourism. Major clustering of the effective factors in opportunities and the capabilities of sports tourism indicates that key drivers with 54% were significant. Independent variables with 23%, dependent with 14%, and intermediate variables with 9% were of the other contributing factors. Distribution analysis and the distribution of drivers by key, independent, dependent, and neutral factors indicates that the key factors that should be considered by planners and policymakers in formulating and designing spatial development scenarios for sports tourism are equally distributed in both variables of ‘opportunity’ and ‘capability’. This issue (the equal diversity of the key drivers) is also a new finding that can be considered in future planning related to sports tourism. Besides, among the key factors and drivers in the opportunity variable, ‘attractiveness factors for out-of-province tourists with the priority of neighboring tourists’ and in the capability variable of ‘tourism identity and extra-regional, national and international networking’ have the most impact. Keywords: Spatial Planning, Capability, Sports Tourism. References - Adami, M., & Panahi, H. (2016). Evaluating of Sports Tourism Development in East Azerbaijan Province. Journal of Applied Research in Sport Management, 4(4), 55-64. - Akbari, M., & Moradpoor, A. (2014). Tourism in Chabahar, an Opportunity for Sustainable Development (With Emphasis on Geotourism). Journal of Social Issues & Humanities, 2, 41-46. - Balali, M., Moein Fard, M. R., Hamedi Niya, M. R., & Amir Ahmadi, A. (2012). Investigating the Capacities of Sports Tourism in Khorasan Razavi Province. Journal of Arid Regions Geographic studies, 9(3), 87-100. - Brichi, L., Savari, F., Jalilvand, J., & Mehdipour, A. (2015). Identifying the Capabilities of Sports Tourism in Khuzestan Province. The First National Conference on New Achievements in Physical Education and Sports, International University of Chabahar. - Cho, K. M. (2001). Developing Taekwondo as a Tourist Commodity. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 13(2), 53-62. - Country Planning and Budget Organization. (2016). Spatial Planning Zoning. Unpublished Report. - Darabi, M., Azizian Kohan, N., & Ghaffari, SH. (2015). Explaining the Strategy of Sports Tourism in Ardabil Province. 9th International Conference on Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tehran. - Darabi, M., Keshtidar, M., Alizaiy_Yousef_Abadi, O., Heydari, R., & Nazari_Torshizi, A. (2020). Scenario Planning of the Future of Sports Tourism Industry in Mashhad. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 8(4), 1-13. - Deery, M., Jago, L., & Fredline, L. (2004). Sports Tourism or Event Tourism: Are They One and the Same?. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 9(3), 235-245. - Fallahi, A., Hassani, E., & Karoubi, M. (2015). Study of Natural Attractions Affecting the Development of Sports Tourism in Kurdistan Province. Journal of Sport Management Studies, 5(17), 159-174. - Farahani, A., Eslami, S., & Porsoltan Zarandi, H. (2017). Ranking the Employment Share of Sports Tourism Industry Factors in Development. Applied Research in Sport Management, 6(2), 107-113. - Fekrizad, N., & Vossoughi, L. (2017). Prioritization of Appropriate Areas for Developing Ecotourism in Talesh County, Using GIS & AHP. Journal of Spatial Planning, 6(4), 101-124. - Foroozanfar, M. H., Najafipour, A. A., Mohammad Abadi, M., & Rezaie, R. A. (2015). Presenting Sports Tourism Strategies, Challenges, and Guidelines in IRAN, International Journal of Research in Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, 3(1), 24-34. - Ghanbari, I. (2015). Identifying the Capabilities of Sports Tourism in Qazvin Province. Master Thesis, Supervisor: Ghodratollah Bagheri Ragheb, University of Tehran. - Giampiccoli, A., Lee, S. S., & Nauright, J. (2015). Destination South Africa: Comparing Global Sports Mega-Events and Recurring Localized Sports Events in South Africa for Tourism and Economic Development. Journal of Current Issues in Tourism, 18(3), 229-248. - Gibson, H. J., Lamont, M., Kennelly, M., & Buning, R. J. (2018). Introduction to the Special Issue Active Sports Tourism. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 22(2), 83-91. - Hamidi, M., Razavi, S. M. H., Amirnejhad, S., Shafieh Zadeh, SH., & Fazli Darzi, A. (2010). Explaining the Strategy of Sports Tourism in the Country (Iran). Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 6(12), 51-68. - Hasani, A., Rahimzadeh, M. (2019). Tehran Tourism industry foresight. Journal of Urban Tourism, 6(1), 135-148. - Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2006). More than an ‘Industry’: The Forgotten Power of Tourism as a Social Force. Journal of Tourism Management, 27(6), 1192-1208. - Hinch, T., & Higham, J. (2005). Sport, Tourism, and Authenticity. European Sport Management Quarterly, 5(3), 243-256. - Khosravimehr, H., Ghadiri Masom, M., & Rezvani, M. R. (2017). Providing Sports Tourism Development Strategies (Case study: Minoodasht Township). Applied Research in Sport Management, 5(3), 105-115. - Kiani Salami, S., & Yehaneh Dastgherdi, P. (2016). Identifying Effective Factors and Prioritizing Sports Tourism Activities (Case Study: Chaharmahaland Bakhtiary Province). Journal of Tourism and Development, 5(2), 116-135. - Kim, N. S., & Chalip, L. (2004). Why Travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of Motives, Background, Interest, and Constraints. Tourism Management, 25(6), 695-707. - Lorestan Management and Planning Organization. (2020). Lorestan Province Spatial Planning Document. Unpublished Report. - Mapjabil, J., Marzuki, M., Kumalah, M. J., Tangavello, L., & Abidin, M. K. Z. (2017). Sport as a Tourism Attraction in Malaysia: Potential and Prospects. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 11(12),23-31. - Masaeli, M., Farsani, N. T., & Mortazavi, M. (2020). A Study on Tourist Demand for Pahlevani and Zoorkhanei Rituals as Ancient Iranian Sport. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 24(1), 19-29. - Masoumi Janafard, I., Tabrizi, N., Ramezanzadeh, M. (2019). Feasibility of Developing Sports Tourism in Ardabil (Case Study: Alvares Ski Resort). MJSp , 22 (4), 28-54. - Meshkini, A., & Heidari, T. (2011). Evaluation of Tourism Development in Zanjan City Using SWOT Model (Case Study: Zanjan Rud Region). Journal of Geographic Space, 35, 64-37. - Miranda, J., & Andueza, J. (2005). The Role of Sport in the Tourism Destinations Chosen by Tourists Visiting Spain. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 10(2), 143-145. - Negahdari, F., & Nourani, T. (2015). Prioritizing the Effective Factors of the Development of Sports Tourism in Hormozgan Province Based on the Pistol Model. The First Conference on Accounting, Economics, and Innovation in Management, Bandar Abbas. - Sharafi, S. (2019). Basic Studies of Khorramabad-Poldakhtar Tourism Road. Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Organization of Lorestan Province, 1-405. - Shojaei, V., Tejari, F., Solaymani Tapeh Sari, B., & Dousti, M. (2012). Strategic Planning of Sports Tourism in Mazandaran Province. Journal of Geographic Space, 12(39), 173-194. - Taleghani, G. R., & Ghafary, A. (2014). Providing a Management Model for the Development of Sports Tourism. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 120, 289-298. - Yarahmadi, D., & Sharafi, S. (2017). An Investigation of the Capacities and Attractions of Shiraz Valley Geotourism as a Future Geopark in Lorestan Province. Geographical Journal of Tourism Space, 6(21), 19-40. - Zeitounli, A., & Zeitounli, S. (2012). Identification of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats Involved in Sports Tourism in Golestan. Quarterly Journal of Research in Sport Management, 1(3), 87-104.
خلاصه ماشینی:
توپوگرافي ناهموار و کوهستاني، وجود سازندهاي کارستي (آهکي)، تنوع اشـکال ژئومورفيـک و شـرايط اقليمي باعث شده است در اين استان منابع سرشاري براي توسعۀ گردشگري ورزشي به وجود آيد؛ بنـابراين بـه دليـل وجود پتانسيل هاي طبيعي و مستعد توسعۀ گردشگري ورزشي، امکان موفقيـت درزمينـۀ رونـق و توسـعۀ گردشـگري ورزشي در استان لرستان وجود دارد.
بررسي نتايج پژوهش هاي انجام شده حاکي است در اين مطالعات عمـدتا هـدف بررسـي قابليـت هـاي گردشـگري ورزشي، محدوديت ها و امکان سنجي توسعۀ اين گونه از گردشگري بوده است ؛ در حالي که در اين پژوهش ، علاوه بـر معرفي سايت هاي مستعد گردشگري ورزشي استان لرستان و طبقه بندي آنها، با استفاده از روش هاي آينـده پژوهـي کـه به تازگي درزمينۀ گردشگري به کار گرفته شده اند، فرصت هاي متناسب با توسعۀ ايـن گونـه از گردشـگري بـا در نظـر گرفتن متغيرهاي مؤثر و رويکردهاي آمايش سرزمين نيز بررسي و تحليل شده است .
Potential areas for sports tourism in Lorestan province پس از معرفي مناطق مستعد گردشگري ورزشي در استان لرستان براي رسيدن به اهداف و نتيجۀ مـدنظر، پـژوهش در چند مرحله به شکل زير بررسي و تحليل شده است .
Macro clustering of effective factors in creating opportunities commensurate with the capabilities of sports tourism - خوشه بندي عوامل مؤثر بر فرصت سازي متناسب با قابليت هاي گردشگري ورزشي بـه تفکيـک مؤلفـه هـاي قابليت و فرصت * فرصت سازي متغير فرصت به اين دليل اهميت دارد که تخصيص و توزيع مزاياي اجتمـاعي و اقتصـادي را تعيـين و سـاماندهي مي کند و به معناي هرگونه پيش راني است که قابليت هاي محرز و مغفول ماندٔە منطقه اي را در ابعاد مختلف بالفعل کند.