چکیده:
فضا محمل ظهور عواطف، شکلگیری تجارب و کنشهای انسانی است. ویژگیهای فیزیکی فضا، عامل القاء معانی و ایجاد احساسات در افراد است. فضای رفیع، جادار، دلباز و مطلوب، معانی مثبت فضایی هستند که برآیند توافق جمعی احساسات انسانی است. در نقطه مقابل، فضا بعضا نامطلوب ادراک میشود و به آن صفاتی چون بیروح، ناامن، آشفته، پیچیده و... اتلاق میگردد. انجام پژوهش به منظور شناخت صفات نامطلوب محیطی به میزان مطالعه در جهت ارتقاء ویژگیهای مثبت فضا اهمیت دارد. در همین راستا، پژوهش حاضر درصدد بررسی یکی از صفات پرکاربرد- والبته نامساعد- فضا است. شناخت وجوه فضای پرت، ضمن وابستگی عمیق به مولفههای اقتصادی، به جهت مغایرت با مبانی حوزه معماری (همنشینی، تناسبات، عملکرد و...) ضرورت مضاعف مییابد. براین اساس، این مقاله به روش اکتشافی و از طریق واژگان کدگذاری شده مستخرج از مصاحبه با دو گروه جامعه آماری شامل 30 نفر از کاربران پنج آپارتمان مسکونی شهر تهران و 10 نفر از متخصصین و طراحان، به تحلیل مشخصههای "فضای پرت" میپردازد. محصول این تحلیل، تبیین فضای پرت از منظر فضای کالبدی، فضای ادراکی، فضای شناختی و قرارگاه رفتاری و و آگاه نمودن کاربران و عاملان امر طراحی و ساخت فضا نسبت به روشهای کنترل این صفت فضایی است.
Investigating wasted space: an analytic perspectiveStudies on environmental psychology include both indoor and outdoor settings. Environment works as an opportunity for emerging human behavior and emotions. Physical attributes of environment may affect space meaning and arouse senses. A space is called high, spacious, and preferred because it’s attached to such a general rating. On contrary, one may recall a space as un-preferred, unsafe, complex, and etc. Research has often investigated desirable qualities of environments, but study on disliked environmental attributes is also important especially when economical components are influential. Since land price and construction cost are increasing, communities should consider reducing useless space. Looking through research, I have not found adequate study of “wasted space”. For an exploratory study of “wasted space” and attributes affecting it, I evaluated 25 apartments. I selected them from 55 cases in a high-dense district in Tehran-Iran. I conducted a semi structural interview with 30 residents (men, women, parents and children, owners and tenants from 18 to70 years old). I asked each of them to define “wasted space,” indicate spaces they saw as “wasted”, explain why they called them as “wasted” and discus their attempts for reuse them. Using the same questionnaire, I had a group of 10 designers and design professions from professors of Shahid Beheshti University evaluate the same apartments. They also were asked to determine places where they call as wasted space during teaching. Considering different aspects of space (physical, perceived, cognitive, and behavioral) and different features of each, with coded key words extracted from interviews, research found that:- Both professions and non-professions had the same definitions on “wasted space;”- The two main aspects of space for defining “wasted space” were physical and behavior setting;- For physical space, respondents repeatedly referred to three attributes: geometry, proportion and area;.- For behavioral setting, they only mentioned “furniture;”- Lack of association between the geometry and behavioral settings led to “wasted space”.- Owners and tenants differed in determining “wasted space;”- In some cases, design professionals differed from the others in what they considered wasted space; - Two types of “wasted space” emerged: visible and invisible. Visible referred to physical aspects of space determined almost by both professions and non-professions while invisible type derived from behavioral attributes shown by most of professions. - Factors relating to “perceived space” reduced undesirable effects of “wasted space”. - Affective meaning of space may reduce undesirable effects of wasted space and works as a moderator.- One may wrongly call a space as wasted. A space could formally be perceived as wasted while it may respond to socio-cultural needs. Finding represents a comprehensive structure for wasted space. It can help designers lessen unused space in houses in high-dense cities through changing layout, shapes, proportions, juxtapositions and considering behavioral needs. Further study could determine the accuracy and generality of the findings. It could focus on wasted space with other functions such as commercial, educational, and office buildings to know how economical components -which are affective in residential buildings- affect wasted space.