چکیده:
در این پژوهش موضوع حاکمیت سیاسی جامعه از نگاه یک اندیشمند شرقی به روش تحلیل گفتمان مورد بررسی واقع شده که در آن ویژگیهای یک حاکمیت درست و فرمانروای خوب و نیز ویژگیهای یک حاکمیت نادرست و فرمانروای ظالم توسط آیت الله نائینی از جهان شرق مورد کنکاش قرار گرفته است. هدف پژوهش، استخراج جنبههای مهم حکمرانی اسلامی در آثار نائینی بوده بطوریکه شیوه درست فرمانروایی مشتمل بر اصولی مانند آزادی، برابری، عدم خشونت، حفظ حقوق عامه، مقابله با استبداد و تغییر مسالمت آمیز حاکمان و قدرت، در رساله معروف وی یعنی تنبیه الامة وتنزیه الملة مورد توجه و تاکید قرار گرفته و از منظر دین و عرف به نحوه تعامل صحیح فرمانروایان با مردم بویژه نظارت و کنترل بر حاکمان و حقوق متقابل رعیت و حاکم پرداختند. وی علاوه بر کمک به نهادینه کردن مشروطیت در ایران، توانست اندیشه شیعه را در حکومت داری تبیین کرده و اولین حرکت علمای شیعه در غیاب امام معصوم مبنی بر تطبیق حکومت مشروطه با شرع مقدس اسلام یا سازگاری قوانین عرفی با متون دینی را به سرانجام برساند. این پژوهش وجود همه عناصر لازم برای حکمرانی اسلامی و کفایت مولفههای ضروری جهت تعامل درست حاکمان با رعیت را در آثار آیت الله نائینی نتیجه میگیرد.
In this research, the issue of political governance of the society from the point of view of an eastern thinker has
been investigated by the discourse analysis method, in which the characteristics of a good government and a good
ruler, as well as the characteristics of a wrong government and a cruel ruler, have been explored by Ayatollah
Naini from the Eastern world. The aim of the research is to extract the important aspects of Islamic governance in
Naini's works, so that the right way of ruling includes principles such as freedom, equality, non-violence,
maintaining public rights, dealing with tyranny and peaceful change of rulers and power, in his famous message,
namely, the punishment of the ulema and the reformation of the ulema. Attention and emphasis was placed and
from the perspective of the connection between religion and custom, they discussed the correct way of interaction
of rulers with the people, especially the supervision and control over the rulers and the mutual rights of the subjects
and the ruler. In addition to helping to institutionalize constitutionalism in Iran, he was able to explain the Shia
thought in governance and complete the first movement of Shia scholars in the absence of Imam Masoom to adapt
the constitutional government to the holy Islamic law or the compatibility of customary laws with religious texts.
This opinion is the most important influential scholar in the theoretical dimension for the compatibility of Islam
with modern political concepts. Relying on the necessity of the existence of government in the society, Naini
considers the stability of the world system and human life to be dependent on government and politics, so that the
existence of a ruler in any society regardless of whether it is usurped, coercive, hereditary, council, personal or
elective is an inevitable necessity to Religion, honor, religion and independence of the country should not be lost.
He considered the external supervision to restrain and control the rulers as a substitute for the infallibility of imams,
which include two elements of the constitution and the National Assembly as elements of the political structure of
constitutionalism. This research concludes the existence of all the necessary elements for Islamic governance and
the sufficiency of the necessary components for the correct interaction of the rulers with the subjects in the works
of Ayatollah Naini.