چکیده:
Au XXe siècle et plus précisément à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la représentation littéraire de l'espace référentiel résultant de la pensée post-coloniale et postmoderniste reprend une place essentielle. Dès lors, l’étude interdisciplinaire de la littérature et de la géographie donne naissance à la géocritique, méthode d’analyse littéraire élaborée par Bertrand Westphal dont l'intérêt réside dans l'étude de la référentialité géographique et la fiction. Associé à l’analyse géocritique, nous mettons en lumière le Petit Prince, l’œuvre d’Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. Ce chef-d’œuvre met en valeur le rapport entre la fiction et la référentialité. En effet, cette œuvre possède autant de valeur littéraire que géographique. L'originalité de cette recherche consiste à examiner la spatio-temporalité à travers le Petit Prince en s’appuyant sur la géocritique telle qu’une méthode d’analyse interdisciplinaire. En tenant compte des théories géocritique, le temps en tant qu’une dimension de l’espace se spatialise et devient anachrone. Les résultats de la recherche révèlent que le pluralisme et le multiculturalisme sont nécessaires en vue de représenter l’espace polychrone et hétérogène. Ainsi, ce travail de recherche nous pousse à nous pencher sur la valeur de l’humanité à travers la lisibilité de l’œuvre littéraire et la réaction réciproque.
در قرن بیستم و بهطور دقیقتر در پایان جنگ جهانی دوم، بازنمایی ادبی فضای ارجاعی حاصل از اندیشههای پسااستعماری و پست مدرنیسم جایگاهی اساسی پیدا کرد. از ان زمان به بعد، مطالعه میان رشتهای ادبیات و جغرافیا، نقد جغرافیایی را به وجود اورد؛ روشی برای تحلیل ادبی که توسط برتراند وستفال توسعه یافت و علاقهاش به مطالعه ارجاع جغرافیایی و داستان می پردازد. در ارتباط با تحلیل جغرافیایی، ما شازده کوچولو، اثر انتوان دو سنت اگزوپری را مورد بررسی قرار می دهیم. این شاهکار رابطه بین داستان و ارجاع را برجسته می کند. در واقع این اثر به همان اندازه ارزش ادبی دارد که ارزش جغرافیایی دارد. اصالت این پژوهش، بررسی فضایی-زمانی از طریق شازده کوچولو با تکیه بر نقد جغرافیایی به عنوان یک روش تحلیل میان رشته ای است. با در نظر گرفتن تيوری های نقد جغرافیایی، زمان به عنوان یک بعد از فضا، جنبه فضایی می گیرد و غیر زمان مند می شود. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که تکثرگرایی و چندفرهنگی برای بازنمایی فضای چند زمانه و ناهمگن ضروری است. بنابراین، این کار پژوهشی ما را وا می دارد تا از طریق خوانایی اثر ادبی و واکنش متقابل، ارزش انسانیت را مورد توجه قرار دهیم.
In the 20th century and more precisely at the end of the Second World
War, the literary representation of the referential space is becoming more obvious than ever
under the theories postmodernist and post-colonial. At that time, regarding to space superiority,
an interdisciplinary approach has attached great importance. Therefore, Geocriticism that is one
of the achievements of these studies performs an important role in the creation of a new literary
criticism, in other words, Geocriticism developed by Bertrand Westphal. This Geographical
criticism emphasizes literary spaces inspired by referentiality and Geographical space. In reality,
Bertrand Westphal's geocriticism is an interdisciplinary literary approach which leads to the
representation of reality through literary work. Westphalian geocriticism is based on three main
theories: spatiotemporality (pace- time continuum), transgressivity (crossing the limit) and
referentiality (referential space). This methodology has the different aspects: Rmultifocalizationr,
RPolysensorialityr, Rstratigraphyr and Rintertextualityr. Geocriticism focus on a multifocal and
plural vision. In other words, all looks, all authors' texts, all temporal strata, all sensations have a
specific value for the representation of space. The current research attempts to investigate
spatiotemporality based on Westphalian Geocriticism relying on The Little Prince by Antoine
Sain-Exupery in order to create a new study of this novel on elements of geocritism. The Little
Prince represents constantly the relationship between fiction and referentiality. Indeed, this work
has as much literary as geographical value. The originality of this research consists of examining
spatiotemporality through the Little Prince by relying on geocriticism as an interdisciplinary
method of analysis.
In order to properly emphasize spatiotemporality, the coherence of space and time forms a
space-time continuum. According to Euclid, space has three dimensions: length, width and
height, but time is considered as a fourth dimension of space, results of Einstein’s relativity.
From this argument, from the beginning of the analysis, the Little Prince is full of concepts of
spatiotemporality. Thus, the author aims to draw geographical spaces through unlimited
imagination. Moreover, throughout the novel, the units of time and space are omnipresent and
also the spatialization of time is profoundly perceptible. Therefore, space and time are
inseparable elements instead of space and time independence from each other. Likewise, time is
not linear, physical and it emphasizes a duration of time depending on space. The protagonist walks and travels through duration which reminds us of spatio-temporality. Duration is a kind of unlimited time in a limited space to escape the passage of time, since Rthe space evolves over timer (Westphal 199). Furthermore, through unlimited time, the resurrection of the past and the actions of the present are linked to the imagination of the future, due to physical and mental movements. Moreover, in this regard, the author represents tiny planets in order to represent duration. The dimension of space and the dilation of time are related to each other. Furthermore, in order to live over time, The Little Prince must transgress in order to get to know other cultures. In addition, his travels and movements aim to describe his activity in order to represent the space of happiness. Everything happens as if the Little Prince is lost between many asteroids, unable to decide to forget his little rose, nor to settle permanently in another asteroid. Furthermore, through imagination, extensible time provides the opportunity for cultures to meet. Transgressivity causes multiculturalism resulting from postmodernist thought. The space represented is characterized by the multiplicity that must be studied within multiple texts or intertextuality, temporal strata, multifocalization and polysensoriality. From this angle, polysensoriality, intertextuality, multifocalization and in temporal stratifications all together form a multiple and layered space with different strata. Transgression gives rise to pluralism, polychrony and heterotopia. This polychronic space is also influenced by interculturality, immigration and multifocus. Likewise, geocriticism is based on a multiple, heterogeneous and polychronic space.
Indeed, in order to better grasp the referential space and the space-time continuum, Saint-Exupery's work is influenced by the real or imaginary places. The Little Prince is looking for a place that does not currently exist. In other words, a non-place (non-lieu) resulting from postmodern thought which, like imaginary tales, is at the same time nowhere and everywhere. On the other hand, the other facet of the place is high place (Haut-lieu). This presents as an identity and a history specific to each place. High place is characterized by its height and its singularity. Through this work, we can consider stars as high places in the fictional world through their singularities: Rpeople have stars that are not the samer (Saint-Exupery 99).
It should be noted that, the referentiality developed by geocriticism expresses three distinct relationships between reality and fiction. In this regard, the homotopic consensus, heterotopic interference and utopian excursus. In particular, relative to heterotopic interference (heterotopic consensus), these asteroids evoke the free and pure imagination of the Little Prince. Likewise, these asteroids are full of imaginary features; they have no real reference and time becomes anachronistic. The Little Prince also makes a lot of effort to find utopia. The research results reveal that pluralism and multiculturalism are necessary in order to represent polychronic and heterogeneous space. So, through this space, human values play an important role. Thus, the study of the Spatiotemporality continuum, based on the approaches of the geocriticism approach, leads to know human space. In this way, it is from the geocriticism study aiming to represent human space that the multicultural space where pluralism and multiplicity are essential, is established. Therefore, this research represents the value of humanity through the readability of the literary work and the reciprocal reaction.