چکیده:
In 2003, 700 millions people had travelled as tourist in the world, and its income was appoximatly 514 billion dollars. The rate of tourism development in the next years will be 4.1%. About 8% of it (directly on indirectly) is occupational portion in the tourism industry (but in the world it is 11%). In 2010, this portion will be 3.1 directly and 3.3 indirectly. Now, Iran has 0.01% foreign tourism (after 20 years we will reach two digits of parcentages with 25 billion dollars). In 1382 we encountered 12% decrease in tourism industry compared to 1381. However, tourism is a bridge between people and cultures. It will help promote peace and international respect. We should have a plan to attract tourists and its necessity is known. In accordance with the anticipations, the number of tourists should reach 1.5 billion people until 2020 and in Iran. It has been anticipated that this rate would rise at 20 millions in 1404. In order to use the energy and irrigation potential of the rivers ,a series of dams have been designed.Dams have served society for over 4500 years.Dams to control stream flow and secure water storage and acts as geomorphic agents as well as water management structures.Dams profoundly impact the geomorphology of rivers by altering the natural patterns of water sediment and energy flow in those rivers.The effects of dams on downstream geomorphology are reviewed and a typology is devised consisting of 9 cases .The classification can be seen as balance between water discharge,sediment load ,grain size and river,s slope.Depending on changes in released water flow and changes in released sediment load ,relative to transport capacity of the flow ,it is possible to estimate resulting cross-sectional geomorphology.The longitudinal extent of changes and their variability with time and the tributary response to altered mainstream cross-section changes are also discussed. During the last four decades the tourism and travelling in the world has become one of the basic factors in social and economic development in many regions, and in accordance with the WTO (World Tourism Organization) studies during the two next decades. The industry of tourism will continue its development and will be the greatest industry in the world (however, today it has third place after oil and car industries). The World Tourism Organization anticipated that in 2010 more than one million international flights will be performed with the tourism aims. This amount of flight will reach 1.6 millions in 2020. The eco-tourism will have the highest percentages of development. 1- Lecturer in Esfahan Human Geography Department. The estimated indexes of highly population urban areas have more application in environmental decision meaking particularly in the long run. The distribution of citis and urban population is not identical in our country. This factor is dependent on historical background. We have used concensus data of 1986 and 1996 in URBINDEX software to estimat: urban distribution index, urbanization rates, in order to estimate urbanization speed, which measures differences in urbanization level by changes in urban population growth. We have established the correlation between urban and rural population growth.The theoretical framework for this research is based on Rank-order principle in which the experimental observations and historical studies in urban population is equal to its population divided by the population of the largest city having a K rank. The results of this study bring about a new index called urban distribution index (UDI).1- M.A. in Geography and Urban Planning Quaternary has caused the formation of Ardebil tectonic trench. Consequently, rivers have deposited great volume of alluvial materials in Ardebil plain. Surrounding plains (west and east) were filled by pleo-Quatrenary volcano-sedimentary and conglomerate sediments. This accumulation of conglomerate in pediment of Baghro-Dagh is one reason for tectonic activities in Quaternary. Inter-mountainous Ardebil plain in the northwest of Iran has approximately 990 km2 of area. This plain is located within Sabalan volcanic massif in the west, and Talesh mountain chain (Baghro-Dagh) in the east. Faults of Neor, Hir, Doovil and several other faults that have been pulled in north-south direction, caused Talesh mountain chain (Baghro-dagh) uplift and consequently formed a horst. After these faults appearnce in Eocene period, general landforms of Ardebil plain have been created. Near the end of Cenozoic Era (Neocene) Ardebil area, had become a semi-closed lacustrine trench.This lake has received overland flows and deposits form surrounding areas of the lake, having fresh water. Continuation of tectonic activity in northwest Talesh slopes (Baghro-Dagh) during1- Assistant Professor, Physical Geography Department, Mohagegh University of Ardebil. In recent decades, the development of communication and progress of technology has required, the extension of transportation networks. The quickly increasing performance of the development programs and environmental impact of human activities, in addition to the destruction of physical environment, intensify activities of morphogenic systems and cause geomorphic phenomena such as mass movements and gullying. This paper, uses aerial photographs and field surveys for the recognition of characteristics and active morphodynamic features in Sarab township, and emphasize the role of human activities intensifying different kinds of slope instabilities, and hazards relating to rural road construction. The results of this study show that the roads are susceptible units, being threatened by instability of slopes. Therfore, they bring about huge costs for maintenance and road repairs.end over the unbounded wilderness and on the other end reaching the azure waters of the Gulf of Oman beaches, along with its natural, amazing, and unique captivation - this peerless expanse of land has inappropriately remained unidentified. Attempts have been made in this paper to introduce the most striking, natural, and captivating traits of tourism in the Province. These charming features of the land can play a vital role in attracting both internal and external tourists. Efforts have also been made to draw substantial attention of the authorities toward planning a competent and principled program for this purpose. Tourism has gradually turned into one of the most paying human activities since half a century ago. It has engendered excellent modifications in the life space and as in geographic landscapes of various societies. However, tourism in our country, which abounds in varied potentialities that can turn our land into one of the most outstanding focusing centers for the tourism in the world, very regretfully to say, has not yet been awarded its due status, and as a result, the attractions of this land for tourism are utterly unknown to the people of the country and abroad. In this connection, the Province of Sistan and Baluchestan, in particular, endowed with an immeasurable land stretching on one1- Academic Member at Geography Department, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Sistan-Baluchestan University. instabilities along road line. Therefore, attention to geomorphologic changes of such routes after road construction is necessary. There are many environmental hazards that arise from slope instability, and commonly disrupt or damage transportation systems at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. One of these cases is a Landslide in Nir-Sarab road that disturbed 480 m of the road in June 8, 2005. This landslide has a compositional structure (rotational slump at the crown and earthflow in the toe). All of four groups of destabilizing factors of preconditional preparatory, triggering, and sustaining factors influenced the landslide occurring in Nir-Sarab road. Scarps, debris cones, fractures, landslide dams are geomorphologic results of this landslide. Results of this study indicate that in road lines such as Saeen pass (Nir-Sarab road) that cross active geomorphologic zones, engineering activities such as road construction may cancel the geomorphologic balance and produce 1- Assistant Professor at the Physical Geography Department, Tabriz University. The existance of geologic and geomoephic attractions in geotourism planning is necessary but not enough. In this research we have used geologic and geomorphic characteristics of the area according to maps, and then utilizing the existing data sources, have specified various cultural, historical, and tourism affractions required for geotourism planning. Geographic tourism or geotourism is one of the newest types of planning and main branches of tourism that has been linked with geographic concepts. The generalization of this special branch of tourism is derived from its geographic characteristics. As the attention is increasing toward modern fields of tourism, the necessity of doing research on it is completely clear. It can be also claimed that there is a gap of this field in tourism comprehensive plans. Hamedan province as one of the rich areas in terms of tourism attraction contains suitable places for planning on the basis of geotourism. 1-Associate Professor at Geography Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran.2- M.A in Geography and Tourism Planning.