چکیده:
Dicto-Phrase, as a test of listening comprehension, requires test takers to
reproduce the gist of selected propositions of language. The purpose of
the study was to discover what kinds of linguistic knowledge as well as
strategies and cognitive processes candidates make use of while
performing on Dicto-Phrase. Five upper-intermediate participants were
asked to think aloud while performing on the test tasks. Right after that,
they answered related retrospective questions. Based on the transcribed
protocols, task analysis, and the objective of the study, a coding scheme
was developed for extracting common patterns of performance.
The findings indicate that the participants used intelligent
guessing, that is a compensatory strategy, frequently. In doing so, they
drew upon topical knowledge and appealed mostly to immediate text
rather than pretext or post-text. Whatsoever, they looked for more
linguistic clues than discourse ones. Random guessing was also used but
much less frequently with no significant gains for the test takers. One
mote strategy used very frequently was rereading strategy although in
most cases revision was not considered.
Dicto-Phrase was found to diminish the role of STM in making
responses, boosting the role of LTM due to allowing for responses made
on the basis of different levels of knowledge. In fact, the procedure was
shown to be capable of recognizing sufficient (comprehensible and
acceptable) responses as well ag exact ones as correct. Otherwise two
thirds of the sufficient responses would be lost. Consequently, the
validity of the test scores representing the listening comprehension
construct could be expected to be higher than other measures of listening
comprehension recognizing only the exact answer.
خلاصه ماشینی:
The Construct Validation of Dicto-Phrase Harneed Zahedi Kerman University Sanaz Laleh-Parvar Azad University of Shiraz Dicto-Phrase, as a test of listening comprehension, requires test takers to reproduce the gist of selected propositions of language, The purpose of the study was to discover what kinds of linguistic knowledge as well as strategies and cognitive processes candidates make use of while performing on Dicto-Phrase.
Dicta-Phrase, Dictation, Paraphrase, Response validity, Construct validity Introduction Dictation-Paraphrase or Dicto-Phrase (D-P) is a test method developed by Zahedi (1997) to assess global listening comprehension in which test takers are expected to concentrate on the content of the idea units (See the Appendix for a sample D-P).
The coding scheme is presented in Figures 1 and 2 below: Figure 1: Response Strategies Cognitive strategies --10 Translation Topical knowledge Response strategies Guessing intelligently Guessing randomly Stem Without Question Response Rereading kat With revisi cond Third Fourth Figure 1 (continued): Response Strategies: Text*" Word linguistic 4: Phrase Sentence eference Grammatical ubstitution Appeal to immediate text, llipsis pretext, or post-text ND Conjunction iscourse Repetition Synonymy \Lexical Antonym), Part-whole Specific-general Figure 2: Response characteristic Intra-coder reliability word for word Sufficient 10 to the point Accuraiy comprehensible Deviated Too little Too much Inaccurate Response characteristics (Based on Memory) n the spot Before reading the question After rearing the question line Remaining on the item Delayed Leaving the item tting back to an item Response Spelling problem Problems L1-L2 contradiction o Response Twenty percent of protocols were coded twice by the researcher to fmd the degree of consistency in the two coding attempts.