خلاصه ماشینی:
" 11 Ibn al Qayyim described the contemporaneous institutions of the eastern Islamic states, after mentioning questions of rulings on claims, by saying that the maintenance of authority in matters not connected to claims is called hisbah, and the one responsible for it is called the bisbah commissioner.
For example, Ibn Abu Shaybah related in his collection al Musannaf, on the authority of Abu Hurayrah, who said: "The Prophet of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, sent someone to call out in the market place that the testimony of a party to a dispute, like that of one who is suspect, is not admissible, When the Prophet was asked what he meant by one who was suspect, he replied: 'One concerning whose religion you have misgivings.
28 The words derived from claim are used by jurists in cases pertaining to financial rights and personal law, such as loans, usurpation, sales, rentals, collateral, arbitration, bequests, criminal malpractice related to wealth, marriage, divorce, allowing a wife to leave her husband (khul'a), manumission, lineage, and agency.
There are two differing opinions regarding the punishment for those who make false claims or accusations against such people: a) the opinion of the majority of the jurists, which says that the person should be punished, and b) that of Imam Malik and Ashab, who held that punishment should not be meted out unless it can be proved that the one who made the accusation intended to harm or otherwise discredit the accused The legal principle upon which the majority's ruling is based is that consideration must be given to the circumstantial state of innocence.