چکیده:
ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ، ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ، ﺑﺤﺚ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺷﻴﻌﻪ، ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺎﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻘﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﻱ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﺺ، ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺹﺍﻟﻌﻠﻪ ﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﻁ، ﺍﻟﻐﺎء ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ، ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ، ﻗﻴﺎﺱ، ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﺮﺳﻠﻪ، ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻫﻞ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﻁ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ: ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﻁ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﻁ ﻇﻨﻲ. ﻫﺮﺟﺎ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ، ﻣﺮﺍﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﻁ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﻁ ﻇﻨﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ، ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ. ﺍﻣﺎ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻤﺴﻚ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﻁ، ﻗﻄﻊﺁﻭﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ، ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ، ﻳﻚ ﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ، ﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺒﻬﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﻁ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎء ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﮔﺎﻡ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﺗﻼﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺧﻤﻴﻨﻲ; ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ.
One of the important discussions in Islamic Fiqh and Usul (jurisprudence)، is the issue of going farther verified religious text (Nass)، as well as the ways of discovering the reason of a commandment. It seems that this subject has not yet reached its proper place in Shi’i Fiqh. While Imami jurists use some methods to go farther the commandment of the Nass، including one named “discovering the basis of commandment” or Tanghihe manaat، Sunni jurists apply different ones to reach the same goal. Considering the vague definitions of these concepts، studying some cases of universalization of commandment by jurists، would be helpful to understand what they exactly meant. In this essay we try to discuss some examples in the works of Imam Khomeini، getting more familiar with his opinions in Fiqh.
خلاصه ماشینی:
" 341 ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺧﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ، ﺍﺯ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ، ﺍﺯ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ7 ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ 7 ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻛﺮﺩ: ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺯ، ﺷﺮﻁ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﭼﻪ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺿﺎﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ 7 ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻧﺪ: ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺳﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ( ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ، ﺑﺎﻳﻊ ﺿﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮ ﻭ ﺣﺠﻴﺖ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ، ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ، ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﻗﻮﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺠﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ؛ )ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ(، ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺗﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﻁ، ﺍﻟﻐﺎء ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ، ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ ﻭ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ، ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﻭﺷﻦﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ."