چکیده:
This article introduces Formal Axiology, first developed by Robert S. Hartman,
and explains its essential features—a formal definition of “good” (the “Form of the Good”), three
basic kinds of value and evaluation—systemic, extrinsic, and intrinsic, and the hierarchy of value
according to which good things having the richest quantity and quality of good-making properties are= better than those having less. Formal Axiology is extended into moral philosophy by applying the Form of the Good to persons and showing how this culminates in an Axiological Virtue Ethics. This involves the systemic, extrinsic, and intrinsic goodness of persons, the intrinsic-good-making properties of persons, and the moral virtues that respect the intrinsic worth of persons in thoughts, feelings, and actions. A few obstacles to being and becoming morally good persons are also identified and explained.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"—Haarotfromrmamanla, l definition of "good" (the "Form of the Good"), three basic kinds of value and evaluation—systemic, extrinsic, and intrinsic, and the hierarchy of value according to which good things having the richest quantity and quality of good-making properties are better than those having less.
This involves the systemic, extrinsic, and intrinsic goodness of persons, the intrinsic-good-making properties of persons, and the moral virtues that respect the intrinsic worth of persons in thoughts, feelings, and actions.
When affectively evaluating them intrinsically, we typically associate extrinsic value objects, mere things, with persons.
Affectively, extrinsic moral goodness involves very ordinary human feelings, emotions, pleasures, attitudes, preferences, approvals, attitudes, likings, desires, and interests.
So, what intrinsic-good- making properties do people (and other conscious beings) have by virtue of which they are valuable for their own sakes, ends to, in, and for themselves?
We are becomings, not mere beings; and every moment adds new and interesting good-making (or bad-making) properties to our integrated totality—new sensory and introspective experiences, new thoughts and beliefs, new feelings, desires, appetites, emotions, purposes, interests, moods, attitudes, approvals, enjoyments, etc.
No one can be a morally good person systemically or extrinsically without conscience, a sense of and beliefs about right and wrong, and actions flowing from them; but intrinsic empathy goes further and is equally essential.
Empathy positively values the goodness in someone else’s life, whether it be systemic (mental), extrinsic (physical, social, active, or practical), or intrinsic (inner personal)."