خلاصة:
Cette recherche s’est intéressée à l’étude de l’une des représentations du contact de
l’anglais avec le parler français québécois, à savoir la question des emprunts et plus précisément les
mots et expressions calqués sur les mots anglais. Notre recherche s’est penchée sur un corpus constitué du contenu de deux titres de la presse écrite francophone au Québec, le quotidien Le Journal de Montréal et Le Soleil, pendant la période d’un an, afin d’y repérer les occurrences des calques à l’anglais dans le cadre d’une étude comparative avec celles des équivalents français proposés par notre ouvrage de référence Le Multidictionnaire de la langue française. Il s’agit de mettre en scène le témoignage de la presse écrite en termes des usages des calques par rapport aux équivalents français en cours des calques en question. Après avoir fait différents constats significatifs concernant le nombre des occurrences relevées des deux groupes, nous avons été capable de vérifier l’hypothèse proposée en ce qui concerne l’usage fréquent des calques à l’anglais dans le français québécois. Ainsi nous avons constaté que malgré la présence et la vitalité des calques à l’anglais, ceux-ci ne sont pas en mesure de rivaliser avec leurs équivalents français et ce dans un corpus de la presse écrite québécoise.
این مقاله به مطالعه یکی از بازنمودهای تماس زبان انگلیسی با زبان فرانسوی کبک ، یعنی مسيله وام واژه ها و به طور دقیق تر کلمات و عبارات الگوسازی شده از روی کلمات انگلیسی می پردازد. تحقیقات ما بر پیکره متنی متشکل از مطالب دو روزنامه فرانسوی زبان در کبک ، روزنامه های Le Journal de Montreal و Le Soleil ، در یک دوره یک ساله (2018) انجام شده است تا بتوانیم عبارات وام گرفته شده از زبان انگلیسی را در چارچوب مطالعه مقایسه ای با معادل های فرانسوی پیشنهاد شده توسط کتاب مرجع مورد استفاده یعنی Le Multidictionnaire de la langue francaise پیدا کنیم. بدین ترتیب با استفاده از روش واژه شماری اتوماتیک به مقایسه تعداد وام واژه ها از زبان انگلیسی و معادل فرانسوی ان ها در این روزنامه ها پرداخته می شود. پس از انجام مشاهدات در مورد تعداد کلمات یافت شده در این دو گروه ، ما توانستیم فرضیه پیشنهادی را در خصوص استفاده از وام واژه های معنایی زبان انگلیسی در زبان فرانسوی کبکی را بررسی کنیم. بنابراین ما دریافتیم که با وجود حضور این وام واژه ها در زبان فرانسوی کبکی، انها قادر به رقابت با معادل های فرانسه خود در پیکره متنی مورد مطالعه در کبک نیستند.
The Quebec way of life which is a North American way of life in an environment marked by traces of the British dating from previous centuries and continuing today by the English-speaking entourage of the Canadian provinces and the American territory presents many differences from that of France. Also, different procedures have been followed in the linguistic system of French spoken in Quebec to name the concepts, objects, foods, clothes and all the elements that are specific to the Quebec way of life. Words originating from native languages, words from Old French introduced by settlers during the last centuries, and words originating in the English language have provided material to meet the lexical needs of Francophones living in Quebec.
It was in 1879 that Jules-Paul Tardivel raised a cry of alarm when he published his plea entitled Anglicism, here's the enemy, against the threat of English. He thus alarmed about "a great danger to the future of the French-Canadian race. (1880: 7). Quebec wants to be exemplary in the defense of the French language by proposing substitutes for anglicisms and even surpassing France in certain fields, notably in computer science, where the lexical creations of “courriel”, “pourriel” or “clavardage” have fascinated people in the French-speaking world, while in France people did not hesitate to use the English words.
According to Privat, Quebecers “tend to adopt francized borrowings, translation-tracings or semantic anglicisms.” (1994: 169) Cajolet-Laganiere et al. argue that “Quebeckers, in defense of English, tend, especially in supported language, to translate words that appear to be English” (2000: 209). They would thus refuse part of the Anglicisms, either complete or intact, although there are a fairly large number of them in the language practice observed in Quebec.
What emerges from this observation is the fact that integral anglicisms are considered by Quebecers as a clearly visible sign of the threat of English against French, while borrowings from English of a semantic nature are considered less offensive and, in their eyes, would not pose a danger to their language.
The study of Anglicism in French-speaking linguistic areas is not new. Many researchers have already wondered about the degree of this presence as well as the areas that are most exposed to this phenomenon. Given that Quebec's linguistic situation makes it unique within the French-speaking world, the case of Quebec has become a major subject of research with regard to proven Anglicisms in the French practiced by the speakers of this area.
In this context, where traces of English in Quebec French are becoming normalized, our research proposes to take a new look at this question in order to concretely stage the signs of Anglicism. We, therefore, propose to identify the uses of semantic layers in English compared to their French equivalents in a corpus of written press from Quebec made up of one-year contents of the Quebec newspaper Le Journal de Montreal, with a large number of readers in all Quebec and especially distributed in Montreal (the metropolis with the most Francophones in North America), as well as the newspaper Le Soleil. This identification will then allow us to be able to judge the discourse of the press which implicitly and latently “feeds” the language practices of Quebecers. In reality, language practices are changeable depending on what the speakers of a language “consume” and therefore what they receive.
In order to study the use of English-style layers in the corpus that we will define later, we have chosen to locate these layers in a very recent lexicographical work dealing with the lexical features of Quebec called Le Multidictionary de la langue French (sixth edition, 2015) developed by Quebec linguist Marie-Eva de Villers. The interest of this work comes from the fact that it presents, among its 10 tools made available to its public, the words and expressions related to “Anglicisms” and “Quebecisms”, which, in addition to the novelty of this book, presents it as an essential reference for those wishing to do research on Quebec French.
Contrary to the hypothesis that we made at the beginning of our research concerning the interest of Quebecers for layers, the language practice observed in our corpus from the written press argues that the existing French equivalents are more frequently used than the lexical creations falling under layers in English. The large differences observed between the number of occurrences of the two groups of words sought, on the side of the layers and their equivalents, demonstrate the very marked primacy of the French equivalents. This gap becomes more important when we look at the figures of the title Le Soleil. Indeed, a large number of calques in this one represents almost a quarter of all equivalents in French, while in the Journal de Montreal this proportion is one in three.
The findings presented in the form of a conclusion to our approach obviously concern the language practices of the Quebec written press (two titles, Le Journal de Montreal and Le Soleil) and cannot be the only exact indicator of the English-style calques in Quebec society. Especially since a large number of calques could not -or could a little- be spotted in our corpus. However, as we indicated above, the press provides the public with linguistic material and discourse, which would have a certain impact on their language production. Thus, the results presented could somewhat reflect the linguistic realities in Quebec where the use of tracings seems infrequent to us except for a few areas in which they are well established and where they even outweigh the French equivalents. Also, it would be desirable to carry out field surveys within the Quebec population and in oral corpora to make direct observations of those who speak French so that more concrete answers can be obtained.
In view of the findings and the conclusions we have drawn from them, the question of the state of the French language used in Quebec in its relation to English still arises. These findings lead us to consider that the French of the written press in Quebec is much more spared from traces of Anglicism than would be oral French, whose characteristics alarm linguists about the future of French in Quebec.
ملخص الجهاز:
Les Calques dans les Pratiques Langagières au Québec : Témoignage de la Presse* Hadi DOLATABADI** Résumé— Cette recherche s'est intéressée à l'étude de l'une des représentations du contact de l'anglais avec le parler français québécois, à savoir la question des emprunts et plus précisément les mots et expressions calqués sur les mots anglais.
Notre recherche s'est penchée sur un corpus constitué du contenu de deux titres de la presse écrite francophone au Québec, le quotidien Le Journal de Montréal et Le Soleil, pendant la période d'un an, afin d'y repérer les occurrences des calques à l'anglais dans le cadre d'une étude comparative avec celles des équivalents français proposés par notre ouvrage de référence Le Multidictionnaire de la langue française.
Le fait que l'anglais soit ainsi pénétré dans le français québécois par ce type d'anglicisme depuis maintenant 150 ans, à prendre comme repère historique l'alarme de Tardivel, nous fait penser à l'hypothèse selon laquelle la presse écrite québécoise reflèterait la même particularité et des calques à l'anglais y seraient d'un usage plus important par rapport à leurs équivalents français également en cours.
Ayant étudié sur le repérage des anglicismes intégraux et hybrides dans un corpus composé des contenus de trois quotidiens québécois et outaouais durant un an, elle conclut que les régions les plus touchées par la « menace3 » linguistique sont les plus conscientes en termes de la défense de la langue menacée qui est en l'occurrence le français dans le contexte de la presse écrite du Québec.