خلاصة:
ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ راﯾﺞ در ﻧﻘﺪ ادﺑﯽ، ﻧﺤﻮه اﻧﻌﮑﺎس دﻏﺪﻏﻪﻫﺎ ی روﺣﯽ ادﯾﺐ در اﺛﺮ وی اﺳﺖ و از آن ﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻮن ادﺑﯽ ﺑﺨﺼﻮ ص ﺷﻌﺮ، ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎی ﺧﻮد را از ﻋﻤﻖ روح آدﻣﯽ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد، ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮی آﻓﺮﯾﻨﺶﻫﺎی ادﺑﯽ از ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ رواﻧﯽ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ ادﯾﺐ، اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد. روانﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻓﺮدﻧﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎی ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖ اﻃﻼق ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ آﻟﻔﺮد آدﻟﺮ، روانﺷﻨﺎس اﺗﺮﯾﺸﯽ، آن را ﭘﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاری ﮐﺮد. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ روﯾﮑﺮد، ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺣﺎﻻت رواﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ در آﻏﺎز زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮد در ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖ وی ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد و ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﺮ، اﺛﺮات ﺧﻮد را در ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﻓﺘﺎر وی ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎی ﻣﯽﮔﺬارد، اﺣﺴﺎس ﮐﻬﺘﺮی ﯾﺎ ﻫﻤﺎن اﺣﺴﺎس ﺧﻮدﮐﻢ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﺻﻠﯽﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﯿﺮوی ﺗﺸﻮﯾﻖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه آدﻣﯽ ﺑﺮای رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ اﻫﺪاف و آرزوﻫﺎی وی ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه روانﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻓﺮدﻧﮕﺮ، ﺗﻼش ﺑﺮای ﺑﺮﺗﺮی، در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ی ﻫﻤﯿﻦ اﺣﺴﺎس ﺣﻘﺎرت ﺻﻮرت ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد و ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ ﻓﺮد، اﻧﺴﺠﺎم ﻣﯽ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ روﯾﮑﺮد ﻫﻤﻪی اﻧﺴﺎنﻫﺎ اﺣﺴﺎس ﮐﻬﺘﺮی را در ﺧﻮد دارﻧﺪ و ﺗﻨﻬﺎ درﺟﺎت اﯾﻦ اﺣﺴﺎس ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ. اﮔﺮ اﺣﺴﺎس ﮐﻬﺘﺮی از ﺣ ّﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻧﮑﻨﺪ، ﺳﺒﺐ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ و ﺑﺮﺗﺮی آدﻣﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد، و در ﺻﻮرت ﻋﺪم ﮐﻨﺘﺮل اﯾﻦ اﺣﺴﺎس، در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺪهی ﺣﻘﺎرت ﻓﺮد ﻣﯽ- ﺷﻮد. اﺣﺴﺎس ﮐﻬﺘﺮی در ﺻﻮرت ﻫﺎی ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺧﻮد از ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿّﺖ ﺧﺎص ﻫﺮ اﻧﺴﺎن در دوران ﮐﻮدﮐﯽ، ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺖ اوﻟﯿﻪ، ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ روﺣﯽ، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ اﻧﺴﺎنﻫﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﭘﺬﯾﺮد. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺗﻼش دارد ﺗﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎی زﺑﺎﻧﯽ اﺣﺴﺎس ﮐﻬﺘﺮی در ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ ﻋﻠﯽ ﻓﻮده ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﯿﻦ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ آﻟﻔﺮد آدﻟﺮ، ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ. از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ در ﺷﻌﺮ ﻋﻠﯽ ﻓﻮده ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﻦ ﺗﻮﺑﯿﺨﯽ و ﺳﺮزﻧﺶﮔﺮ) ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮی از واژﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺎزی (، ﮐﻼم ﻣﻔﺘﺨﺮاﻧﻪ) ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮی از ﺿﺮب آﻫﻨﮓ ﻫﺰج ﯾﺎ ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﮔﺰﯾﻨﯽ ﻣﺼﺮاعﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﮔﺰﯾﻨﯽ ﻫﺠﺎﻫﺎی ﮐﺸﯿﺪه، ﺗﮑﺮارآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ دالﻫﺎی ﻫﻮﯾﺘﯽ (، ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾﮔﻮﯾﯽ) ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮی از ﻓﻀﺎﺳﺎزی ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﯾﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ واژﮔﺎن (، ﮔﻼﯾﻪ از ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ و اوﺿﺎع زﻣﺎﻧﻪ) ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮی از ﮔﺰﯾﻨﺶ ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎی اوﻟﯿﻪ اﻧﺴﺎن (، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺮاﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺤﻠّﯽ و واژهﻫﺎی ﺑﯿﮕﺎﻧﻪ) ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮی از ﺳﺘﯿﺰ واژﮔﺎﻧﯽ ( اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺳﺨﺖ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﯽ وی، ﻣﺠﺎل ﺑﺮوز ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ.
One of the common discussions in literacy criticism is how his mental
concerns are reflected in his work. As literature, especially poems, take their
themes from the depth of the human spirit, we can point to the effects the
governed psychological situation on the poet's characteristics has on the
literary creations. Individual psychology is considered a personality theory
that is founded by Alfred Adler, the Austrian psychologist. According to this
approach, feeling inferiority is one of the mental states that is formed at the
beginning of a person's life at his personality and affects his different
behavioral aspects till the end of life. The feeling of inferiority is considered
the main human encouraging force toward his objectives and wishes. From
the individual psychology viewpoint, the effort to gain superiority is formed
as the consequence of this feeling of inferiority and makes the individual's
personality coherent. According to this approach, all peoples has the feeling
of inferiority inside themselves only to different degrees. If the feeling of
inferiority does not exceed its limit leads to progress and superiority of the
person. However, if this feeling is not controlled finally leads to an
inferiority complex in the person. The feeling of inferiority in its different
kinds is affected by the unique situations of each person in childhood, his
initial training, and their spiritual, social, political, and geographical
situations. The current study tries to study the verbal signs of inferiority
feeling at the personality of Ali Fouda, the contemporary Palestinian poet,
according to Alfred Adler's viewpoint. Of these signs in Ali Fouda's poetry,
the reprimanding and blaming tone (using reversals) , the proud word (using
Hazage rhythm or shortening the hemstitches in addition to selecting
stretched syllables at the ends, repeating identity signs) , contradiction (using
contradictory atmosphere at the concept of the words arrangements) ,
complain of the situation and conditions of the time (using the selection of
the human primary needs) , using folk songs and alien words can be pointed
out. All of these are revealed due to the effect of an inappropriate social
environment as well as the difficult situation in his family life.