خلاصة:
از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ، اﺳﺘﻌﺎره ﻧﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ زﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﺻﺮف، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ و ﺗﻔﮑﺮ اﻧﺴﺎن در ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪ اﺳﺖ و از رﻫﮕﺬر آن ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﺷﯿﻮۀ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﮥ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺳﺨﻦ آﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ اﺳﺘﻌﺎره، ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ درک ﯾﮏ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻧﺘﺰاﻋﯽ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﻠﻤﻮس ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ؛ از اﯾﻦ رو در ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﺰاﯾﯽ دارد. ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ و اﺳﺎﺳﯽ در ﻣﺘﻮن دﯾﻨﯽ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم» ﻋﺸﻖ «اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ اﻧﺘﺰاﻋﯽ ﺑﻮدن در ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ در ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب اﺳﺘﻌﺎره ﻫﺎی ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﯿﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺣﻀﺮت ﻋﻠﯽ) ع (ﻧﯿﺰ در ﻧﻬﺞاﻟﺒﻼﻏﻪ از اﯾﻦ ﻫﻨﺮﺳﺎزه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺑﺰاری ﺑﺮای درک ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ اﻧﺘﺰاﻋﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮدهاﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ دﻟﯿﻞ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺗﺨﺎذ روﯾﮑﺮد ﮐﯿﻔﯽ و روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ آن دﺳﺘﻪ از ﻋﺒﺎرات اﺳﺘﻌﺎری را ﮐﻪ درﺑﺮدارﻧﺪۀ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم» ﻋﺸﻖ «ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ از ﺧﻄﺒﻪﻫﺎی ﻧﻬﺞاﻟﺒﻼﻏﻪ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج و ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ اﺳﺘﻌﺎرۀ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ. اﺳﺘﻌﺎرۀ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ از ﺟﻬﺎت ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ در دﺳﺘﮥ اول، اﺳﺘﻌﺎره ﻫﺎ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ، ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎری، ﻫﺴﺘﯽﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ و ﺟﻬﺘﯽ و در دﺳﺘﮥ دوم، از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻌﺎره ﻫﺎی ﮔﺰارهای، ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮی – ﻃﺮح وارهای و ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮی ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ، ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﻣﺎم ﻋﻠﯽ) ع (ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻧﺘﺰاﻋﯽ» ﻋﺸﻖ «را در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ اﺳﺘﻌﺎره ﻫﺎی ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ، ﻃﺮح و اره ﻫﺎ و ﺣﻮزه ﻫﺎی ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻋﯿﻨﯽ و ﻣﻠﻤﻮس ﺑﺮای ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ درک ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در اﺳﺘﻌﺎره ﻫﺎی ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎری ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﻮزه ﻫﺎی ﻣﺒﺪا» ﺣﺠﺎب «،» ﺑﯿﻤﺎری «،» ﮐﺎﻻ «و» ﺷﯽء «ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻋﺸﻖ را ﺑﺮای ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. اﺳﺘﻌﺎره ﻫﺎی ﻫﺴﺘﯽﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ در ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم» ﻋﺸﻖ «و ﺟﻤﻼت دال ﺑﺮ آن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﺴﺰاﯾﯽ دارد؛ اﯾﺸﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺷﺊاﻧﮕﺎری ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ اﻧﺘﺰاﻋﯽ، ﺳﻌﯽ در ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی آن در ذﻫﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ دارد، ﮔﺎه از ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد و ﮔﺎه ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎن ﭘﻨﺪاری روی ﻣﯽ آورد. وی در ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺳﺎزی» ﻋﺸﻖ «از ﻃﺮح وارۀ ﺣﺠﻤﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮده و ﻣﺤﺒﺖ اﻟﻬﯽ ﻧﻬﺎدﯾﻨﻪ ﺷﺪه در وﺟﻮد ﻓﺮﺷﺘﮕﺎن را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻈﺮوف ﺟﺎم ﻋﺸﻖ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﮐﺮده و در ﺟﺎﯾﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم» ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ «را ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﺼﻮر ﻧﻤﻮده ﮐﻪ دروازه ﻫﺎی آن ﺑﺮای ورود ﻋﺎﺷﻘﺎن ﺑﺎز اﺳﺖ و اﻓﺮاد ﺑﺎﯾﺪ از اﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﻨﻨﺪ و ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن درﮔﺎه، وارد ﻓﻀﺎی رﺣﻤﺖ اﻟﻬﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و در ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ. اﻣﺎم) ع (در ﻃﺮح وارۀ ﺣﺮﮐﺘﯽ، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﻪ از رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎی ﻋﯿﻨﯽ و اﺟﺘﻨﺎبﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺮای اﻧﺠﺎم اﻣﻮر روزاﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم» ﻋﺸﻖ «ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد؛ ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮﺳﺎزی» ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ «در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﮑﺎن، ﻋﺎﺷﻘﺎن وﺻﺎل ﺣﻖ را از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺟﻬﺎد و ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﮐﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﻪای ﺑﺮای رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺒﻮد واﻗﻌﯽ اﺳﺖ، ﺗﺸﻮﯾﻖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎم ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻦ و ﺣﺮﮐﺖ در ﻣﺴﯿﺮ رﺳﺘﮕﺎری ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ.
From a cognitive linguistics viewpoint, metaphor not only is a linguistic
process but also is connected with human thought and we can be aware of
the speaker's method of thought with it. The main cognitive application of
metaphor is to provide an understanding of an abstract concept through a
more tangible concept. Then it plays a significant role in the determination
of mystical concepts. One of the main and fundamental issues in religious
literature is the concept of "Love" due to its abstractness, it is expressed
generally at the framework of conceptual metaphor. Imam Ali has used this
art structure in Nahj Al-Balagheh as a tool to understand abstract concepts.
Therefore, in the current study, those metaphorical statements containing the
concept of "Love" are extracted from Nahj Al-Balagheh's speeches adapting
a quality approach and analytical-descriptive method and they were analyzed
and studied based on cognitive metaphorical theory. The conceptual
metaphor has been categorized from different aspects. Metaphors in the first
category are studied from the role viewpoint (structural, ontological, and
orientational) , and in the second category from the nature viewpoint
(propositional, pictorial-schematic, and pictorial). According to the results of
this study, Imam Ali made the abstract concept of "love" understandable for
the audiences at the cognitive metaphorical framework, schema, and tangible
and objective areas of destination. In structural metaphors, he depicted the
concept of "love" using "Hijab", "Disease", "Commodity", and "Object' as
the areas of origin for the audiences. The ontological metaphors play an
important role in the description of the "love" concept and the sentences
implied it. He tried to stabilize its meaning in the mind of the audience by
objectification to abstract concepts, sometimes using description and
animatism. He used the volumetric schema for conceptualization of the
"love" and introduced the love of God internalized in the angels' beings as
the cup of love. On the other place imagined the concept of "guidance" as a
place where its doors are open for the entrance of lovers and the people
should use this opportunity, to enter the atmosphere of divine mercy, and be
on the way of guidance before the door is closed. Imam Ali at a motion
schema used the motion that is an inevitable and objective behavior of every
person to do daily affairs to describe the concept of "love". In such a way,
using "God" visualization at a place framework, encouraged the God lovers
to step and move toward the path of salvation through jihad and fighting
which is a means to reach the true god.