Effects of Training Load on Some Hormonal, Hematological and Biochemical Profile of Male Cyclists Journal Article

Hematological profiles of cyclists fluctuates are based on the volume/frequency/intensity of training. The present study examined the effects of training load on the cyclist’s biochemical profile which may be associated with over training. Twelve male cyclists volunteered to participate in this study. The participants completed a systematic training program which was divided into four phases i.e. phase I (560 km, continuous aerobic training), II (680 km, continuous aerobic training), III (720 km, aerobic and anaerobic interval training) and IV (560 km, continuous aerobic training). Blood samples were collected at the end of each phase. The hemoglobin level of the cyclists increased throughout the training cycle whereas iron level increased till the third phase and decreased in the fourth phase due to alteration in training. Hemoglobin level was high during the IV phase and this was due to the lowest volume/frequency of training given to the cyclists in final phase. Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) level was elevated during the competitive phase, due to the high volume / intensity during III phase. The depletion of ferritin was high during phase II which was associated with a 21% increase in training volume after the first phase. The highest intensity, volume and frequency of E2S training (phase III) were associated with a large increase in Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and cortisol levels, demonstrating a significant decrease in testosterone that showed the over-trained state. Hence, these biochemical markers are important in monitoring athlete’s training load as these parameters are altered with the training intensity, frequency and volume of training given to the cyclist.

نیم رخ خون شناسی دوچرخه سواران بر پایه حجم /تکرار/شدت تمرین در نوسان است . تحقیق حاضر به آزمایش اثرات بار تمرینی بر نیمرخ هورمونی ، خون شناسی و بیوشیمیایی مرتبط با بیش تمرینی دوچرخه سواران می پردازد. دوازده دوچرخه سوار مرد داوطلب شدند تا در این تحقیق شرکت کنند. شرکت کنندگان یک برنامه تمرینی سیستماتیک را انجام دادند که به ۴مرحله شامل مرحله ۱ (۵۶۰ کیلومتر، تمرین هوازی تداومی )، مرحله ۲(۶۸۰ کیلومتر، تمرین هوازی تداومی )، مرحله ۳(۷۲۰ کیلومتر، تمرین هوازی و غیرهوازی فاصله ای )، و مرحله ۴(۵۶۰ کیلومتر، تمرین هوازی تداومی ) تقسیم شد. نمونه گیری خونی در پایان هر مرحله جمع آوری گردید. سطح هموگلوبین دوچرخه سواران طی چرخه تمرین افزایش یافت ، در حالی که سطح آهن تا فاز ۳افزایش یافت و در فاز ۴در نتیجه تغییر در تمرین کاهش یافت . سطح هموگلوبین طی مرحله ۴بالا بود و این به دلیل حجم /تکرار پایین تمرین داده شده به دوچرخه سواران در مرحله پایانی بود. سطح ظرفیت ملزوم آهن تام (TIBC) طی مرحله رقابتی افزایش یافت و این به دلیل حجم /شدت بالا طی مرحله ۳بود. کاهش فریتین طی مرحله ۲ادامه دار بود بطوریکه با یک افزایش ۲۱% در حجم تمرین پس از مرحله ۱همراه بود. بالاترین شدت ، حجم و تکرار تمرین در مرحله ۳با افزایش زیاد در سطوح کراتین فسفوکیناز (CPK)، لاکتات دهیدروژناز (LDH) و کورتیزول همراه و با کاهش معنادار تستوسترون حاکی از وضعیت بیش تمرینی بود. از این رو، این مارکرهای هورمونی ، خون شناسی و بیوشیمیایی در نظارت بار تمرینی ورزشکار مهمند بطوریکه با شدت ، تکرار و حجم تمرین داده شده به دوچرخه سوار تغییر می کنند.

"The highest intensity, volume and frequency of E2S training (phase III) were associated with a large increase in Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and cortisol levels, demonstrating a significant decrease in testosterone that showed the over-trained state. The hemoglobin level alters with the training and is high during the competitive phase which is due to the low volume of 560 km (20 hours 15 minutes) and the lowest frequency of four times of E2S training (working at 80% of maximum heart rate) when compared with the first three phases of training cycle. As iron storage shown to improve sports performance (14, 37), monitoring of ferritin level in male cyclists is mandatory during all phases of the training to prevent and detect anemia in the early stage (25). The present study confirms that the iron profile fluctuation depends on the volume, frequency/repetition, and intensity of training given to a cyclist and also shows the prevalence of sports anemia among the different phases of training cycle. Both these enzymes CPK and LDH are valid markers for training load as its activity level was in peak during high intensity/volume of training given to cyclists (26). The activities of the enzymes CPK, LDH and the hormone cortisol level are high with the highest training volume and intensity during phase III which depicts the severely overreached state. Therefore, our study confirms that these biochemical profiles can be used to monitor and assess the effectiveness of the training program, and it is mandatory to assess these biochemical profiles periodically to improve the performance of a cyclist by preventing sports anemia and overtraining."