Abstract:
Study of security is an "easy" and "impossible" act. It is "easy" because all humans have self knowledge to it and "impossible" because involves several meanings, Levels, Dimensions, and organs. One of the "Dimensions" of security is "economic security" and "Individual security" is one of its Levels. Also, one of the organs of security is "Referent object of Security", which means the most important "object" that Protection of it, is desired to security actors. In the present paper, "objects" involved in "economic security" are studied in the light of the Imamiya jurisprudential Law and we have determined that jurisprudents have pay attention to different aspects of economic security, and have established three sets of jurisprudential rules for the protection of the economic rights of people. The three categories are: rules that prevent contravention to individual economic security, rules that emphasize, recognize and guarantee Individual economic security, and rules that limit economical freedom.security of Individual. Finally, and as a Conclusion of the paper, the most important rule related to economic security (under the Referent Object of Security), extracted and presented. Many challenges that information exchange like trade secret information faced, gave rise to the government intervention through using repressive tools in order to more strong deterrence. However, peculiar characteristics of cyber space and variants ways of lawbreaking make the procedures and prosecution of their identification more complicated. These conditions made the penal policy inefficient in this area. Accordingly the owners of trade secrets have to use of dynamic security tools to protect their critical data necessities and accept part of crime prevention costs. This article tries to investigate the above mentioned issues and seeks to identify methods to evaluate preventive measures situation, as well. Although, due to the competitiveness and value of these information, there are always hackers who try to achieve them, therefore victims are still needed to be supported by the governmental and non-governmental institutions. The existing laws on cultural treasures show more significantly restrict ownership of treasure and historical monuments, including Article 562 of the Islamic Penal Code, shows that any exploration of the historical - cultural prohibited, and the person committed to prison from six months to three years. However, based on the first sentence of this restriction, Islamic laws, is not legitimate. The question is that this lack of legitimacy is based on what foundation and what are ways of legitimizing? Is this legal provisions need to be revised to keep pace with new situations or problems or that existing laws must be reviewed to comply with the ways of Jurisprudence resolving this paradox? Consensus of Supreme Shiite scholars and traditions is that it is possible to obtain treasure and it is for the discoverer with certain provisions of its discoverer and he alone should pay the fifth to the Islamic government. Focusing on the words Sunni, we are looking that they also agree with this decision. So there is no reason for usual way of recording the treasure and the discovery of it, unless by funds mentioned in the text justified it. According to this Study, the appropriate remedy in this regard, is the review of 80-years legislations in this field, clarifying the vague boundaries of the property, and the security of property. Punitive damage is a kind of Supra-compensatory damage which is awarded in favor of Plaintiff in Civil actions (i.e. Contractual actions and Tort actions) for punishing the defendant and deterring him from taking action like that in future. The main feature of punitive verdict is deterrence and punishment and in this regard two economic theories exist (optimal deterrence and gain elimination theories). However punitive aspect of this damage is a reason that to be considered as an identity with criminal nature and not to be applied in private actions. Lack of predictability of this damage and sometimes large and backbreaking sentences which make it more complicated, made the United States courts to come up with several strategies (including put a ceiling on it, split-recovery and etc.) for limiting the punitive damages. According to obtained results, it seems that this institute in its current form is inefficient and requires some revisions. Increasing the predictability of punitive damages through a comprehensive definition of it and determining the more accurate standards for sentencing it, will be helpful to some extent. Environmental protection is a major concern of the international community. Renewable natural resources and to protect the rights of current and future generations of sustainable development was concerned governments and international organizations. Sustainable development seeks to balance and compromise between economic, social and environmental. The traditional approach economy brown and maximum use of natural resources without considering the rights of future generation cause damage and result in environmental pollution. The green economy is not only a response to the challenges facing the international community placed to facilitate the realization of sustainable development is stopped. In this study, the concept, the legal nature of the green economy and its role in sustainable development is studied. Describe the actions of the international community to protect the environment of the green economy and its vital role in achieving sustainable development is discussed. Due to the natural capital is valuable and strategies for short, medium and long term in light green economy, growth and social welfare will bring to the community. Financial corporations have a key role in economic growth and development of business competition system. So, in global village age and liberal economic system, financial competition replaces military conflicts. On the other hand, the strategy of getting profit by corporations, causes to emerge corporate crime in criminal justice. This research which analyses typology and etiology of corporate crime, is practical according to its goals. Data collection methods is analytical - descriptive. This research used resources of library materials compiled in English language, compiled and translated books and articles and reviews internal laws in this sphere. Findings of this study shows a very wide field of corporate financial crimes. Economic spionage, corporate fraud, tax evasion, price fixing, false accounting and false advertising are considered as some forms of financial corporate crime.The most important approaches in criminology of corporate crime, are criminogenic corporate culture, economic strain theory and rational choice theory.
Machine summary:
"s) university 2 Hadi Hajzadeh PhD in Public Law and lecturer of university Abstract Keywords: JEL: H55, A10, A13, P48, P43 ________________________________________________________________ 1- nlakzaee@gmail.
ir Situational Prevention of Violation of Trade Secrets in Cyber Space 1 Abdolreza Javan Jafari Bojnordi Associate Professor Department of Law Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 2 Amir Soodmandrad MS.
c at Law, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Abstract Keywords: Access JEL Classification: k 14, k22,k42 ________________________________________________________________ 1-javan-j@um.
com Journal Encyclopedia of Economic Rights The Property of Treasures and Cultural Heritage and laws Related to it 1 Abolfazl Alishahi Ghaleh joughi Assistant Professor, Department of Theology, Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Yasuj University 2 Mahdi Dehghan PhD Student, Islamic Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Yasuj University Abstract Key words: JEL Classification: ________________________________________________________________ 1-Alishahi@yu.
com Green economy: a step towards sustainable development in international law Mohammad Hossein Ramazani 1 Ghavamabadi Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University Abstract Keywords: JEL classification:Q48, Q54, Q56, K33 ________________________________________________________________ 1- ramazanighavam@yahoo."