Abstract:
By the approval of Criminal Procedure Act in 2013 and its amendments in 2015, a new item was formed in the field of criminal proceedings, especially proceedings of children and adolescents. It has enacted detailed rules on defendants' rights and duties and powers of the judicial authorities and law enforcers, the conditions and how to choose judges among the qualified individuals, the presence of experienced consultants in the trial, the use of simple criminal security order in the preliminary investigation phase and personality record in the work unit with criminal proceedings and fast proceedings and if possible try to compensate the losses of the victim to the sentencing and making appropriate decision and a flexible view and free from any violence at the phase of execution and try to correct and reform children and adolescents. Criminal Procedure Code of children and adolescents is to avoid proceedings and compliance of legal guarantees of committed child and follow the integrated model (punishment, rehabilitation and restoration). Proceeding system of children and adolescents has a process with various phases and a person that as an accused enters the process of investigation, prosecution, trial, conviction and punishment according to age and lack of life experience and the inability to defend his rights, the possibility of violation of his rights will be doubled. Among the innovations of the Criminal Procedure Act in 2013 in the field of juvenile delinquency is the forecast of courts and courts specialized children and adolescents, granting preliminary investigations to court and non-interference of judicial officer, police of children, the requirement of the presence of lawyer in serious crimes and conditions of selecting judges special for children and so on.
Machine summary:
Different solutions have been predicted in the laws existing for this problem; the municipalities for execution of their public utility projects are obliged to obey from these laws; for example, according to the article 3 of legal bill about «the manner of buying and taking the possession of lands and properties for execution of public, reconstructive and military plans of government» approved in 1980/2/1, the municipality is obliged to acquire the «mutual agreement» of the possessors of arena and standing properties included in the project.
In this event, with payment of agreed price to the possessor, the landed property is delivered to the municipality and in the assumption of lack of mutual agreement, according to the proviso one of the unique article of law about «the manner of appraisal of buildings, properties and lands needed for municipalities», approved in 1992/11/19, the price of arena and standing properties is determined by a three-person-board of formal experts of Ministry of Justice.
Then, the municipality with one of the methods inserted in the note 2 of article 4 of law about the manner of buying and taking the possession of lands and properties for execution of public, reconstructive and military plans of government included on the written communication, publication and attachment of advertisement in the place invites the possessor for doing the transaction.