Abstract:
As a masonry structure, buttresses have the role of controlling the sliding force of the main wall. This architectural element has been used in residential and non-residential buildings in various methods and ways from distant years. In this regard, archaeological evidences are the only valid indices by referring to which we can tacitly learn about the record of buttresses. Where and how it has first been used is not known, and nowhere has it been explicitly referred to. Even archaeologists have tacitly and briefly referred to it in their excavation reports. However, based on accessible limited reports, expansive application of this structure can be dated to post-Neolithic era when architects became aware of structural performance of this element and gradually with their part experiences; they used it in a different way with better structural performance. In this research, studied about Buttress types in terms of position, form and shape, used material, execution technique, ornament and technical function. By studying buttresses built during ehistoric
and historical period, it will be seen that there were no structural scientific frameworks based
on findings related to the strength of materials and mechanical rules. Little by little and through time, architects began to understand structural performance and structural perception of buttresses, owing to the experience and deep attitude towards the nature and behavior of masonry buildings. They emphasized not only the balance in forces, but also their appearance and esthetics. Lack of comprehensive research in this regard necessitated this research, and this issue was dealt with through library studies and descriptive and analytical research method.
Machine summary:
"The final sites which were studied are Sang- e Chakhmaq, BozmordeTepe, TepeZagheh, Chogha Mish, YanikTepe, Tal- e Eblis, TepeYahya, TepeHissar, Godin Tepe, Shahr- e Sukhteh, Baba Jan Tepe, SegzabadTepe, Pasargadae Palace, ChogaZanbil, Tipi Ahar Tomb, GunsyanTepe, Sialk,AltinTepe, Tal-Hasanlu, The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism 5 Narges Karimi, Reza Abouei, Dariush Heydari / Bagh- e Nazar, 13 (40):13-16 Bastam, TappeOzbaki, Nush- e Jan Tepe, Mithridates Fort, MasjedSoleyman, BardeNeshandeh, Takht- e Soleyman, QalehYazdiGird, QalehDokhtar Palace, Sarvestan, Ardeshir Palace, Ctesiphon palace ruin, Khosrou Palace.
12 The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism Narges Karimi, Reza Abouei, Dariush Heydari / Bagh- e Nazar, 13 (40):13-16 examples are seen, based on tables 1 and 2, in Chogha Mish (column 7), Tal- e Eblis(column 8), TepeYahya (column 13), TepeHissar (columns 12&14), Shahr- e Sukhteh (column 15), and given table 3, the sites of Sialk (column 5) of which the diagram is illustrated in figure 2.
The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism 15 Narges Karimi, Reza Abouei, Dariush Heydari / Bagh- e Nazar, 13 (40):13-16 other ornament cases could be noted as examples, as Stronach (1978: 110) states on Nush- e Jan Tepe that "the exterior fence of buildings in Nush- e Jan Tepe is completed with buttresses of carved upward arrow like designs" (Fig. 5); or the buttresses of Takht- e Soleyman (towers of the exterior fence), as is illustrated in figure 5, have cornice ornaments with stone material as stretching header."