Abstract:
Since Kant is a son of his time, his thought is originally rooted in the Enlightenment. The distinction between theoretical and practical reason, formal and material conscientiousness, authentic and doctrinal theodicy, sincerity and falsehood, and finally, historical and moral faith religion, are implications of the court held by Kant for metaphysics. Meanwhile, Kantian distinction between deism and theism in one hand, and inclination toward Job and Christ as the symbols of moral faith of religion in the other hand, can be explained by the German Protestantism of the age of Fredrick the Great and his successor. The theology based on practical reason criticizes rationalism in faith and suggests perception of religion through morality. But, Aquinas as a Christian catholic emphasizes on historical religion, revealed religion, Divine legislation, faith in Divine worship and ecclesiastical faith. Aquinas is the most distinguished supporter of rational theology. However, he believed to other kind of theology named theologia sacrae scripturae or sacred theology which its main subject is Divine beings. The main bases of Aquinas‘s ethics are revelation and foundations of church. Kant, in the contrary, tries to make room for faith inside the realm of morality and speak of practical reason theology through denial of theoretical reason.
Machine summary:
The distinction between theoretical and practical reason, formal and material conscientiousness, authentic and doctrinal theodicy, sincerity and falsehood, and finally, historical and moral faith religion, are implications of the court held by Kant for metaphysics.
Morality sits as the root of faith and gives meaning to the concept of God. Kant tried to found faith on morality, for in his system of thought the theoretical reason has nothing to do with the original and principle religion.
He defines religion as "the recognition of all our duties as divine commands"(Kant 2001: 177) and believes that based on such a definition the possibility of Assertorial knowledge on God will be ruled out, and since our perception of super-sensual phenomena is not authentic, theoretical reason is not permitted to enter the realm of religion (Kant 1998: 227).
Aquinas and Kant; theology and ethics Considering elaboration and support of pure religious considerations as the major approach of theology, we can define two types of theology based on theoretical and practical reasons.
Yet, the theology based on practical reason criticizes rationalism in faith and suggests perception of religion through morality.
However, Kant's idea of rejecting theoretical reason based theology and any kind of rationalism in religious affairs is not ever a sign of Fideism, for his attitude is just an epistemological way of criticizing man's power for saving metaphysics.
As it was mentioned before, Kant considered four types of relation between historical and moral faith, and theoretical and practical reason.
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