Abstract:
There are such great names in language studies as Noam Chomsky, Lev S. Vygotsky, Howard Gardener and Michael Halliday who are widely accredited with having introduced new concepts in linguistics and neighboring disciplines and to whom we remain deeply indebted. In this article which has been written on the occasion of Professor Henry Widdowson's visit in April 2018 to Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University in Tabriz, Iran, professor Widdowson's thoughts and contributions to applied linguistics and language teaching are reviewed in passing. The author make this issue his point of departure and takes up some of the ground breaking ideas of Professor Widdowson and elaborates very briefly on the following notions:
1) English in Training and Education.
2) Applied Linguistics and Linguistics Applied.
3) Authenticity of Teaching Materials in ESP.
4) Present Situation versus Target Situation Analysis of Students’ Language Learning needs: The Language Audit
5) Linguistic principles and intuitive interpretation
Keywords
Widdowson; Tribute; Applied Linguistics; Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University; ELT
Machine summary:
Lexical Cohesion and Literariness in Malcolm X’s “The Ballot or the Bullet” Cosmas Rai Amenorvi* (Corresponding Author) Lecturer of English and Academic Writing and Communication Skills, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.
Drawing on Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) and Hoey’s (1991) theory of cohesion, specifically lexical cohesion, whose main thrust is the role of lexical items in not only contributing to meaning but also serving as cohesive ties, the paper discusses how Malcolm employs words in serving a dual role of contributing to meaning by serving as cohesive ties and their literary use for an aesthetic touch to his ‘The Ballot or the Bullet’.
This paper seeks to unearth how the repetitive use of lexical items contribute to the textuality and overall meaning of Malcolm X’s ‘The Ballot or the Bullet’.
Besides, the paper discusses how repetition serves a dual purpose of lexical cohesion and at the same time a literary device and its contribution to the literariness in ‘The Ballot or the Bullet’.
Literature Review Many scholars like Bloor and Bloor (1995), Brown and Yule (1983), Fairclough (1995), Grundy (2000), Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), Levinson (1983), Osisanwo (2003), Quirk and Greenbaum (1990), and Verschueren (1999) have identified what sets a text apart from randomly selected sentences; that is, what binds a text together.
In that light, this part discusses the repetition of lexical items (lexical cohesion) Malcolm X employs in ‘The Ballot or the Bullet’ and how they contribute to the textuality of the speech.