Abstract:
رواﺑﻂ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺷﺪه و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﭘﯿﺎدهروی درﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪی ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻮﻧﯽﻫﺎی ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ، ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﻮداﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﮕﺮشﻫﺎ و ادراکﻫﺎ از رﻓﺘﺎر ﭘﯿﺎدهروی و ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎی روشﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻌﻀﯽ از ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ادراک ذﻫﻨﯽ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﯿﻦ از ﭘﯿﺎدهﻣﺪار ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺤﻠﻪی ﺧﻮدﺷﺎن ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ درﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ازﺳﻮی ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎی ﻋﯿﻨﯽ، ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﭘﯿﺎدهﻣﺪاری واﺣﺪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦﺣﺎل، ﺑﺮﺧﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ادراک ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻪﻓﺮدی را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ درﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﻫﺎی ﻋﯿﻨﯽ واﺣﺪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﮔﻮﯾﺎﺗﺮی ﺑﺮای ﭘﯿﺎدهﻣﺪاری ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻟﺬا ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﮐﺸﻒ ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺤﺎت ﻣﺮدم درﻣﻮرد ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی ﭘﯿﺎدهﻣﺪار و ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﭘﯿﺎدهﻣﺪاری ذﻫﻨﯽ و ﻋﯿﻨﯽ و ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯽ آنﻫﺎ در ﻣﺤﻼت ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ8، 4 و 13 ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ازﻧﻈﺮ روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ در دﺳﺘﻪی ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و اﮐﺘﺸﺎﻓﯽ ﻗﺮار دارد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ رﻫﯿﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎی ﮐﻤﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ، از دادهﻫﺎی ﺳﺮﺷﻤﺎری، ﮐﺎرﺑﺮی زﻣﯿﻦ، ﺷﺒﮑﻪی ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ و دادهﻫﺎی ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻧﻈﺮﺳﻨﺠﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪی آﻣﺎری ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ و ﻫﻤﻪی ﻣﺤﻼت ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ 22ﮔﺎﻧﻪی ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی آﻣﺎری اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ، ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 31 ﻣﺤﻠﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ازﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎزهی زﻣﺎﻧﯽ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪی ﺳﺎلﻫﺎی 1396 ﺗﺎ 1397 اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ درارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺤﺎت ﻣﺮدم درﻣﻮرد ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی ﭘﯿﺎدهﻣﺪار ﻫﻤﺴﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎن ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان درارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﭘﯿﺎدهروی، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎن ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻧﻘﺎط دﻧﯿﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی دارای دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت، اﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎت و زﯾﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎی ﻣﻮردﻧﯿﺎز زﻧﺪﮔﯽ روزﻣﺮه، ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎی اﯾﻤﻦ، ﺟﺬاب، ﺷﺎداب و ﻋﺎری از آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ و ﺗﺮاﻓﯿﮏ و ﻧﯿﺰ وﺟﻮد ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒﺷﺪه را ﺑﺮای ﭘﯿﺎدهروی ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﯽداﻧﻨﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ درﻣﻮرد ﺷﮑﺎف ﺑﯿﻦ ﭘﯿﺎدهﻣﺪاری ﻋﯿﻨﯽ و ذﻫﻨﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻏﯿﺮ از ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪی ﻣﮑﺎنﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮای ﭘﯿﺎدهروی و دوﭼﺮﺧﻪﺳﻮاری، ﺑﻘﯿﻪی اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪﺷﺪه، ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺪتزﻣﺎن دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻐﺎزهﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺮوﺷﮕﺎهﻫﺎ، ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼت و...؛ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت، ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎنﻫﺎی ﻣﺤﻠﻪ و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻣﺤﻠﻪ؛ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ادراکﺷﺪه از ﺗﺮاﻓﯿﮏ؛ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ادراکﺷﺪه از ﺟﺮم و ﻣﯿﺮان رﺿﺎﯾﺖ از ﻣﺤﻠﻪ درارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﭘﯿﺎدهﻣﺪاری ذﻫﻨﯽ، ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮی در ﻣﺤﻼت ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺎدهﻣﺪاری ﻋﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﺎﻻ درﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻼت ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﭘﯿﺎدهﻣﺪاری ﻋﯿﻨﯽ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ داﺷﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻣﯽرود ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﭘﯿﺎده-ﻣﺪاری ﻋﯿﻨﯽ و ذﻫﻨﯽ ﻣﺤﻼت ﺷﻬﺮی در ﮐﻼﻧﺸﻬﺮﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﺗﻬﺮان، از ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎی ﺟﺪی ﭼﻮن آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻫﻮا، ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ و ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪات ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪان ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺷﻮد.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
A large number of researches demonstrated that built environment attributes affect the walking and cycling for transportation (Ewing & Cervero, 2010; Bauman et al., 2012). Studies examining the potential effect of the built environment on physical activity have employed objective and/or perceived (self-report) measures to assess characteristics of the neighborhood environment. Findings illustrated people who live in neighborhoods with traditional or walkable designs report about 30 minutes more walking for transportation each week and more total physical activity, compared to those who live in neighborhoods with less walkable suburban designs (Frank, et al., 2006). Therefore, the association between the built environment and walking activity are complicated due to spatial heterogeneity, self-selection issues such as attitudes and perceptions on walking behavior, and methodological differences (Lee, et al., 2017). Some evidence shows that residents’ self-reports of their neighborhood environment may be less revealing than are objective assessments. However, other studies suggest that perceived neighborhood environment exerts a unique effect and may be a more telling indicator for individual health than objective neighborhood characteristics (Wen et al., 2006). So, the aim of this research is discovering the preferences of the residence towards the walkable spaces and explaining spatial association of the perceived and objective measures of neighborhood walkability in district of 4, 8 and 13 of Tehran.
Methodology
This research is a descriptive and exploratory research that has been conducted with quantitative research approach. In this regard, GIS software were used to mapping the neighborhood walkability criteria. Network analyst functions, also, was used in order to service area determination and accessibility to public services. Exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression were cooperatively employed with regard to reduce the set of variables and extract variables that explain the objective and perceived measures of neighborhoods walkability at a 95% confidence interval in Tehran metropolitan. In relation to perceived measure of neighborhoods walkability, we used the standard questionnaire developed by Saelens et al. (2002), as well as Cerin et al. (2006), has been developed as Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS). The questionnaire has the following dimensions: Time taken to get from residence home to the nearest businesses or facilities, Access to services, Streets condition or quality in the neighborhood, Places for walking and cycling, Neighborhood surroundings, Safety from traffic, Safety from crime neighborhood satisfaction. In the present study for each neighborhood, walkability index, which is the sum of the standard Z score of four urban form metrics, is defined as a function of net residential density (ratio of the number of residential units to residential areas in each neighborhood per hectare), sum of the ratio of floor area of retail units to their parcels in each neighborhood, Land-use mix index (entropy coefficient) and street connectivity (Number of intersections with 3 or more legs per km2). Also, census data, land use and road layers and survey data were used. The statistical population of the present study is the population of all districts of the 22 districts of Tehran. The statistical samples which selected by purposeful method were 31 neighborhoods.
Results and discussion
Findings revealed that the gap between the objective and the perceived walkability, except the component of walking and cycling places, the rest of the studied dimensions, including the time of access to shops or stores, facilities, etc., access to services; neighborhood streets; neighborhood environment; perceived security of traffic and crime; and the satisfaction of the neighborhood in relation to subjective pedestrian assessment have a higher mean in neighborhoods with high objective walkability compared to those with low walkable neighborhoods. Research findings in regard to the people preferences about the walkable spaces are in line with other studies. Residents of our case study in connection with the issue of walking, as well as people from other parts of the world, prefer spaces with appropriate access to services, facilities and infrastructure needed for everyday life, and safe, attractive, lively and free of contamination and traffic environments as well as well-defined spaces for walking. The point that needs to be mentioned is the population density, the density of residential units, as well as the density of activities (commercial and service as well as offices or administrative activities). In most previous investigations, mainly in link to walking, built environment with urban sprawl form are compared to more compact cities or so-called smart cities with mixed and diverse land uses, and the result is typically that urban environments which have a dense and smart urban form that are high in density of population, activity and residential are reported proper for walking behavior. In this regard, although the urban form of the studied neighborhoods of this research compared to many previous case studies in terms of those variables, is still more compact, according to the participants’ opinion, they prefer to walkability of their residential spaces, neighborhoods that have diverse land uses (cloth stores, food markets, supermarkets, juices and ice cream shops, home appliances malls and etc.), as well as green and open spaces and environments that have more attractive facets.
Conclusion
In order to achieve the appropriate developmental model to increase the subjective and objective walkability of urban neighborhoods, some steps must be taken to increase the green and public open spaces and redistribute the land uses in accordance with the urban smart growth pattern, by through less dependence on the personal car usage, many challenges of Tehran metropolitan will reduce in line with sustainable development.
Machine summary:
درموردسنجش پیاده مداری ذهنی نیز از پرسش نامه ی استانداردی که ازسوی سالنس Saelens و دیگران (٢٠٠٢) و همچنین کرین و دیگران (٢٠٠٦) با عنوان (NEWS)Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale توسعه یافته ،استفاده شده است .
Retail Floor Area Ratio (RFAR) ادامه جدول ٢:مؤلفه ها، معیارها و شاخص های پیاده مداری عینی و تعریف عملیاتی آن ها (به تصویر صفحه رجوع شود) ٢-١-٣-پیاده مداری ذهنی درارتباط با سنجش پیاده مداری ذهنی از پرسش نامه ی استانداردی استفاده شده است که سایلنس و دیگران (٢٠٠٢) و همچنین کرین و دیگران (٢٠٠٦) با عنوان Neighborhood (NEWS)Environment Walkability Scale توسعه داده اند.
مطابق جدول ضرایب رگرسیونی (جدول ٤)،ازبین ٢٠گویه ای که به ٣مؤلفه تبدیل شده اند، تنها مؤلفه ی حاصل از گویه های دسترسی به لباس فروشی، داروخانه ، بقالی، میوه فروشی، کتاب فروشی و کتابخانه ی عمومی در سطح اطمینان موردنظر این تحقیق (٩٥ درصد) با الگوی فضایی شاخص پیاده مداری عینی، ارتباط آماری معنیداری نشان داده است .
همان طور که جدول مذکور نشان میدهد،هرچند مؤلفه های اولُ بعد دسترسی به خدمات ازنظر قابلیت پیاده مداری فضاهای شهری مهم هستند،ارتباط آماری آن ها با شاخص قابلیت پیاده مداری عینی در سطح آلفای موردنظر این تحقیق (٠٠٥>Sig) معنیدار نبوده است ؛ولی براساس ضریب بتای استانداردشده (١٨٣.
خلاصه ی مدل رگرسیونی ارتباط مؤلفه های بعد مکان هایی برای پیاده روی و دوچرخه سواری با شاخص پیاده مداری عینی در جدول ١١نشان داده شده است .