Abstract:
راهبردهای یادگیری واژگان میتوانند روند فراگیری زبان را تسهیل نمایند. مطالعهی حاضر با هدف بررسی سه نوع رایج راهبردهای یادگیری واژگان شامل حفظی ، یاد افزا و یادگیری لغت در متن و جمله توسط زبان آموزان سطح پیشرفته ی ایرانی انجام شده است. روش این مطالعه شبه تجربی می باشد که شامل سه گروه آزمایشی و یک گروه گواه است. تعداد هشتاد زبانآموز دختر ایرانی در سطح پیشرفته (20 نفر در هر گروه) در این مطالعه شرکت کردند که بر اساس آزمون تعیین سطح سریع تعیین سطح شدند. حدود صد و پنجاه واژه از کتاب «کلمات ضروری بارونز برای تافل» برای تدریس انتخاب شدند و این لغات در سه روش گوناگون به صورت حفظی، یادافزا و یادگیری لغت از طریق متن و جمله، توسط محققین در پنجاه جلسه به یادگیرندگان، آموزش داده شد. همچنین دو پسآزمون آنی و تاخیری از یادگیرندگان به عمل آمد. نتایج به وسیله ی نرم افزار SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. این مطالعه ثابت کرد که تفاوت معناداری بین گروه های آزمایشی و گروه گواه وجود دارد. یافته های این تحقیق نشان داد که افرادی که از طریق راهبرد یادافزا و با استفاده از کلیدواژه، به آنها تدریس می شد، بیشترین میزان میانگین را در پس آزمون های آنی (با میانگین ۳/ ۳۹) و تاخیری (با میانگین ۳۹) داشتند و نسبت به گروه های دیگر عملکرد بهتری را از خود نشان دادند. این یافته ها می توانند برای معلمان زبان انگلیسی جهت توسعهی روش های موثر آموزش لغت مفید باشند.
Language is the sign of mental development and an instrument of understanding. It has a very important role in cognitive and social development. Language is mingled with thought. Thoughts are conveyed through language. Words are the basic units, which construct the spoken and written language. In order to express the ideas, one needs words. Therefore, words and the way of learning the words are essential processes for all the speakers of a language. Communication is possible through speaking. However, in order to be a successful communicator, it is necessary to pay attention to all the skills of the language. Learning a foreign language is an essential component in foreign language learners’ lives for the challenges that they face during this process. Most of the challenges posed in this stage are due to the learners’ limited exposure to that language. Vocabulary learning is at the core of language learning. Vocabulary Learning Strategies (VLS) facilitate this process. The present study aimed to investigate three common types of vocabulary learning strategies, including rote memorization, mnemonic memorization, and contextualized memorization used by advanced Iranian EFL learners. The design of this study was quasi-experimental. It consisted of three experimental groups and one control group. For this reason, a website was designed by the researchers for the sake of this study. The website helped the researchers in the process of scoring and reduced the probability of cheating among the participants, so it increased the reliability of the study. Some eighty advanced female Iranian learners (20 in each group) participated in this study. The participants were selected according to the results of the Quick Placement Test. The advanced level learners were chosen on the basis of convenient sampling. At the beginning, a pretest was administered to the learners. Approximately one hundred and fifty words were selected from the book named “Borron’s Essential Words for the TOEFL”, and they were taught to the learners in fifty sessions by three different methods: rote, mnemonic and contextualized. The teacher was one of the researchers. There were also immediate and delayed posttests at the end; however, the immediate and delayed posttests were different in the order of the questions and choices. The results were analyzed by SPSS software. A one-way ANOVA was conducted. In terms of inferential statistics, this study showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental groups and the control group. The mnemonic group was meaningfully better than the contextualized group, the contextualized group outperformed the rote group meaningfully, and finally the rote group had a better performance when compared with the control group. In descriptive terms, the findings of this study showed that those who were taught using the mnemonic strategy had the highest mean in both immediate (M=39.3) and delayed (M=39) posttests, and they showed better performance than the other groups. The findings of the study have some implications for classroom practice. Therefore, this study might have some beneficial pedagogical implications for both teachers and learners by helping them redefine their proper responsibilities. In a broad sense, this study may help teachers to remember that no single L2 instructional methodology fits all learners. Strategies help determine a particular learner’s ability and willingness to work within the framework of various instructional methodologies. It is foolhardy to think that a single L2 methodology could possibly fit an entire class filled with learners who have a range of stylistic and strategic preferences. Instead, the teachers should be aware of different strategies used by learners and apply the most suitable methods; such methods could allow creative variety to meet the needs of all learners in class. The results of the present study can make writers aware of the conventions of their discipline and help teachers to be careful in using different vocabulary learning strategy types to develop vocabulary and to improve reading and writing in a more natural way. The findings of this research can also contribute to the improvement of the ability to understand the language of written academic discourse. In the present study the application of vocabulary learning strategies resulted in successful learning among language learners. It is worth mentioning that applying these strategies are fruitful for both teachers and learners. They can help both groups to be successful in their practices. Also, even less proficient learners and novice teachers can find something interesting in them. However, syllabus designers and materials writers can use the advantages of these vocabulary-learning strategies in writing and developing English materials.Keywords: rote strategy, mnemonic strategy, contextualized strategy, strategy, vocabulary development, vocabulary-learning strategies