Abstract:
مقاله حاضر با روشی توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با هدف انجام تحلیل مضمونی ـ کیفیِ قومنگارانه، درپی بازخوانی و برشمردن مختصات مطالعاتی است که در حوزه فرهنگ و ادبیات عامه قوم بلوچ در دست است. بر این اساس، با ارائه شمایی کلی و توصیفی وبا دستهبندی و استخراج شاخصههای این آثار، ظرفیتهای پژوهشی آنها از نظر مؤلفههای نظری و روشی ارزیابی شده است. بر اساس یافتهها، میتوان دو دسته از آثار را در این حوزه شناسایی کرد؛ نخست، آثاری که در آنها صرفاً به جمعآوری دادهها و یا انتظامبخشی به متون فولکلوریک بلوچی بسنده شده است و دوم، آثاری که پژوهشگرانِ سعی کردهاند شرحهایی دربارۀ متون جمعآوریشده از سوی خود یا دیگران، ارائه کنند. وجود و حضور چنین مختصات ارزشمندی سبب غنای ظرفیتهای تحقیقی این آثار شده است. این ظرفیتها در چهار محور اصلی جای میگیرد که عبارتاند از: داشتن توصیفات دقیق و انجام تحلیل تفسیری؛ توجه به عوامل و بسترهای شکلگیری موضوعات مورد مطالعه؛ پرداختن به موضوعات بهمنزلۀ جزئی از یک سازوکار کلی در فرهنگ؛ صورت دادن طبقهبندی و ارائۀ مقولات و الگوهای معنایی. بر همین مبنا، درنهایت و بر پایه بینشی مردمشناختی، نوعی چشمانداز ترسیم شد که با تکیه بر آن میتوان به شناخت عمیقتری از ساختارهای ذهنی و اندیشگانی خالقان فرهنگ و ادبیات عامه بلوچی دست یافت..
Abstract
This article, with a descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of conducting a thematic-qualitative ethnographic analysis, seeks to study the features that are in the folklore of the Balochi people. Therefore, by describing, classifying, and extracting the features of these works, their research capacities have been evaluated in terms of theoretical and methodological aspects. Based on the findings, two categories of works can be identified in this area; first, works in which only Balochi folklore texts are collected; second, the works that scholars have attempted to provide interpretations of. These features have enriched the research capacity of these works. These capacities are grouped in four main categories as: accurate descriptions and interpretive analysis; attention to the factors and contexts of the formation of the subjects under study; looking at issues as a part of an overall mechanism in culture; the classification and presentation of categories and semantic patterns. Therefore, based on the anthropological insight, a kind of perspective was drawn that can be used to gain a deeper understanding of the mental and intellectual structures of the creators of Balochi folklore.
Research background
Various authors with different scientific specialties have studied and written about the field of folklore of the Balochi people. Some of them, for example, Jahandideh (1390), Bausani (1971), Iftikharzadeh (1388), and Baloch researchers have a literary approach and mainly focus on some important linguistic aspects such as grammar, syntax, or pronouns. Some other foreign scholars such as Leech (1838), Burton (1990) or Dames (1905), who have been sent as missionaries to the Balochistan region, have a more orientalist approach. In general, all of these works have been used as the literary background of the research in order to open a way to a kind of anthropological perspective for a better study of this field.
Research aims and questions
This study aims to answer the following questions: what are the characteristics of the existing works in the field of popular literature in Balochistan? And how can one move towards an anthropological perspective by studying the popular literature of the Balochi people? Accordingly, in this study, first, the characteristics of the works were examined, which are more accessible in libraries than other works in the field of Balochi folk. Then, it was considered how to use these works to move towards a kind of anthropological perspective in the field of folklore studies in Balochistan.
Discussion
In the first part of the research, the main features of Balochistan folklore texts were categorized; in the second part, an attempt was made to draw a kind of anthropological perspective by using the characteristics of these works, which will help to better understand the works. The main categories obtained from the data are: having accurate descriptions and performing interpretive analysis; attention to the factors and contexts of formation of the subjects under study; attention to issues as part of a general mechanism in culture; classification and presentation of semantic categories and patterns. These categories show that by adopting and applying anthropological interpretive-qualitative approaches in the field of folklore of Balochi people, it is possible to better identify the original views and indigenous logic of the Baloch community. Folklore originates from the traditions of the people of each region and it is passed on to future generations through these traditions. In the meantime, what is produced and reproduced are many concepts and ideas that have found no other way for expression.
Conclusion
In general, if the territory of Balochistan folklore is approached from an interpretive-qualitative point of view, the indigenous rationality of Baloch popular literature will be properly understood. The studies that have been done so far, due to their methodological and theoretical capacities, will be able to answer the questions that are necessary for the folklore of Balochistan. Employing a kind of interpretive and indigenous methodology that is able to create dialectical relations and understand the diversity of mental world of the Baloch people is the most appropriate way to understand the folklore works of this region. Therefore, in a world where diverse ideas and thoughts do not always have a chance to be understood, grasping these concepts through such a strategy will contribute to Baluchi culture and its holders in a better and more effective way.
References
- Badalkhan, S. (1992). A glance at Balochi oral poetry. Newsletter of Balochistan Studies, 8, 3-45.
- Bausani, A. (1971). Baluchi language and literature. Mahfil, 7 (1-2), 43-54.
- Burton, J. (1990). Conflict: Resolution and Prevention. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
- Dames, M. L. W. (1905). A text book of the Balochi language. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.
- Iftikharzadeh, A. (2009). Balochi Tales (in Farsi). Tehran: Cheshmeh Press.
- Jahandideh. A. (2011). Epic in Balochistan (in Farsi). Tehran: Moien Press.
- Leech, R. (1838). Grammar of the Balochky Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 7(2) 38-56.
Sureniants, V. B. (2003). A story of Mir Hamza, the forefather of the Baluches. Iran and Caucasus, 7(1-2) 133-146.
Machine summary:
ازجمله اقوامي که ميتوان در اين خصوص نام برد، اقوام لر، گيلک ، 162 ترک، عرب و در برخي موارد کرد است که محل انديشه و تفحص انديشمندان خارجي و نيز ايراني بوده است که در ثبت و همچنين ، شناخت و معرفي بهتر فرهنگ اين اقوام ، تحقيقات زيادي از خويش برجاي گذاشته اند (براي مثال : آسمند جونقاني و خسروي، ١٣٧٧؛ ازکيا و پاکسرشت ، ١٣٧٧؛ مقصودي، ١٣٨٠؛ خسروي، ١٣٨٤؛ ليموچي، ١٣٨٥؛ ساروخاني و قبادي، ١٣٨٦؛ نوين ، ١٣٨٧؛ رضايي و زارعيفرد، ١٣٩٠؛ موحد و همکاران ، ١٣٩١؛ فرزين نيا، ١٣٩٣؛ رضايي و ظاهري عبده وند، ١٣٩٢).
با توجه به نکته هاي ذکرشده ، پرسش بنيادي پژوهش حاضر اين است که آثاري تدوين شده در زمينه ادبيات عامه بلوچستان ، چه ويژگيهايي دارند؟ و چگونه ميتوان با بهره گيري از مطالعات ادبيات عامه مردم بلوچ به سوي چشم اندازي مردم شناختي حرکت کرد؟ به همين منظور در مطالعه پيش رو نخست ويژگيهاي گزيده اي از آثاري را بررسي خواهيم کرد که نسبت به ساير آثار حوزة ادبيات عامه قوم بلوچ در کتابخانه ها و جاهاي ديگر به آن ها دسترسي بيشتري وجود دارد.
همچنين ، در همين راستا بايد گفت چنين دستاوردي (فولکلور بلوچستان ) که داراي قدمت و تاريخي ديرينه است و از طريق متون موجود در اين حوزه به خوبي قابل رديابي است ، عناصر اساسي و الگوهاي فرهنگي تشکيل دهندة آن قابليت شناسايي و تفسير بهتر را در خود دارد؛ الگوهايي که به تنهايي از عوامل اصلي و جزئي از شاکله هاي انديشه و رفتار مردم بلوچ شده است (براي مثال ١٩٨٨ ,Dames؛ ١٩٩٢ ,Badalkhan؛ ٢٠٠٣ :ibid؛ شاد، ٢٠٠٨؛ جهانديده ، ١٣٩٠).