Abstract:
The developmental process of architectural tradition of tower tombs in Azerbaijan during the 12th – 14th centuries (AD) is one of the basic questions in the Iranian history of architecture. Historically, the architectural constructions and decorations were developed in Nakhchivan by the end of 12th century. Based on the formulated doctrines of the former USSR academy, the late Seljukid architecture in Nakhchivan was indigenous and originated from the local innovations. Turkish art historians have classified the late Seljukid architecture in Nakhchivan as a variety of Turk – Islam tradition in the post- USSR years. These kinds of de- historized studies have not considered the socio- cultural relationships among Qazvin, Maragheh, Tabriz and Nakhchivan within the Iranian cultural context. The main aim of this study is to investigate the general specifications of the 12th – 14th centuries (AD) architecture of the tower tombs in Nakhchivan and Maragheh to examine their artistic and technical interactions appeared in the glorious architectural monuments during the Iranian Late Seljukid – Ilkhanid history of architecture. Methodologically, the origin of Nakhchivani tower tombs should be sought in the architectural manner of Maragheh due to the chronological order of their existing Persian and Arabic inscriptions. Although the USSR and Turkish decontextualized subjectivities in the architectural history of Nakhchivan are not well-reviewed, the architecture of the tower tombs in the Late Seljukid Nakhchivan has a processual trajectory initiated from the early Seljukid Kharāghān in Qazvin to the late Seljukid Maragheh and then the Nakhchivani manner of Ajami Nashawi.
Machine summary:
The main aim of this study is to investigate the general specifications of the 12th – 14th centuries (AD) architecture of the tower tombs in Nakhchivan and Maragheh to examine their artistic and technical interactions appeared in the glorious architectural monuments during the Iranian Late Seljukid – Ilkhanid history of architecture.
Azerbaijan, De- historization, Iranian history of architecture, Late Seljukid, Maragheh, Nakhchivan, Tower Tombs Associate Professor, Tabriz Islamic Art of University, Tabriz, Iran ajorloo@tabriziau.
Discussion The architectural tradition of the tower tombs during the Late Seljukid Maragheh, under the rule of the local Seljukid dynasty, known as the Atābakān of Azerbaijan, Shams al-Din Ildegoz and his successors (1135 – 1224 AD / 530 – 622 AH) is well-presented by four survived unique samples: Gonbad-e Sorkh, Gonbad-e Modawar, Gonbad-e Kabud and Urmia Sæ’Gonbad (Figure 2).
Regardless of the disputed Gonbad- e Kabud, these works existed earlier than the Nakhchivani Late Seljukid tower tombs especially Momena Khātun, Joseph ibn Quseyr and the Ilkhanid Qarabāghlār.
In other words, the architectural and decorative features of Gonbad-e Kabud in Maragheh are not similar to those of the Red Dome, Gonbad-e Modawar and the tower tomb of Joseph ibn Quseyr in Nakhchivan, but it is close to Momena Khātun.
1 The Group of Nakhchivan The architectural tradition of Nakhchivan is well known for its three surviving monumental tower tombs called Joseph ibn Quseyr, Momena Khātun and Qarabāghlār (Figure 3).