Abstract:
ایجاد سدها باعث تغییر الگوهای کاربری اراضی، آب و سایر منابع طبیعی شده و می تواند در گستره ای وسیع تاثیرات منفی برجای بگذارد. این تغییرات سبب وارد آمدن خسارت به روستائیان شده و ارائه خدمات اجتماعی و غیره را با مشکلاتی مواجه می سازد. دراین تحقیق اثرات وپیامدهای سدسازی دراستان خوزستان وپیامدهای آن بر روستاهای محدوده مورد مطالعه بررسی گردید. روش جمع آوری اطلاعات در این تحقیق، روش کتابخانه ای- پیمایشی است و از فن مصاحبه و پرسشگری (در چارچوب روش میدانی) استفاده گردید. محدوده جغرافیایی این تحقیق 122سکونتگاه روستایی درپشت سدهای کارون3 وگتوندعلیا بوده که درشهرستانهای ایذه،گتوندو دهدز پراکنده شده اند. تعداد نمونه مورد مطالعه در محدوده جغرافیایی بااستفاده از فرمول کوکران شامل 36روستا و 397خانوار می باشد.روش نمونه گیری با توجه به تعداد نمونه ها، روشهای طبقه ای و تصادفی انتخاب گردید. همچنین، برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها و اطلاعات به دست آمده و بیان اثرات سیاست مداخله در نظام اسکان محدوده مورد مطالعه و ترسیم چشم انداز مطلوب نظام اسکان، از مدل سوات (swot) استفاده گردید . نتایج بررسی وتجزیه وتحلیل نشان دادکه جابجایی اجباری باعث ازبین رفتن روستاها وراههای روستایی، تغییرفرهنگ بومی،افزایش جمعیت حاشیه نشین در شهرها،مهاجرت ناخواسته افرادوسرگردانی وآواره شدن درشهرهاوایجادتضادهای اجتماعی،هزینه های زیادجابجایی مردم واسکان مجدد،افزایش بیکاری درشهرها وایجادمشاغل کاذب،ازبین رفتن اراضی حاصلخیزوکاهش تولیدات کشاورزی، ازبین رفتن اماکن عمومی،تاسیسات اقتصادی ،اماکن فرهنگی ومذهبی واحساس بی هویتی ومشکلات روحی وروانی در محدوده موردمطالعه شده است.
Introduction
Dams also have an impact on the economy of their peripheral regions, and in many cases they bring about economic growth through supply of water for industries, agriculture, drinking, etc. (Shamsi Thani et al, 2014). Although dams create jobs in the industrial sector for the villagers, increase in income, the active participation of villagers in non-agricultural activities, etc. However, in the absence of sustainable management and planning, both before and after the creation of a barrier for the surrounding villages, more problems than Implicit immigration, changes in the jobs of villagers, reduced production and productivity of water and soil resources, and, in general, the destruction of many villages. (Khoyeh et al, 2017) Forced displacement leads to social and economic problems, including unemployment, social anomalies Such as crime, production cuts, unwanted migrations and illnesses Vanity and feelings of futility and loss of cultural backbone. Occurrence causes changes in land use patterns, water and other natural resources, and can have a negative impact on a wide range. These changes cause the villagers to suffer damages, and therefore the social, economic, cultural and networked structures are disrupted, and the provision of social services, etc., is confronted with problems. Dams of Khuzestan province Due to their specific structural and functional characteristics, the housing system is affected by the severity of their performance in a manner that only about 122 villages in the Karun 3 and Gotvand Olia dam are impacted, with 86 villages completely underwater and other communications and agricultural roads, agricultural lands and cultural heritage have been destroyed. Although it is inevitable to change the development of the housing system in the investigative area, it is important to change the system correctly and rationally (Saeidi, 1998). Initial assessments show that this intervention was based on a Uniformed and integrated (lack of systematic, integrated and complex approach), regardless of the interests and mental affiliations of the main actors of the settlement system, the people have emphasized their own interests, by adopting the policy of displacement, the economic buyers of the residents, the grounds for their exodus without providing their long-term benefits Which has had consequences for villagers, including unemployment, poverty, immigration, psychological pressures, marginalization, crime, and so on
The present research is based on the viewpoint of applied and descriptive-analytic descriptive and analytical methods. In this method, firstly, the status of the settlement system and intervention policies were described. Then, the effects of the policy of intervention in the settlement system were investigated. Finally, considering the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities and threats, the optimal pattern of intervention in the study area was compiled. The method of collecting information in this research is library-survey method and was used for interviewing and questioning in this research (within the framework of field method). The geographic area of this study is 122 rural settlements located at Karun 3 and Gotvand Olia dam, and the number of samples studied in the study area is 36 villages and 397 households. To determine the sample size of households, the Cochran formula has been used. To analyze the data and information and to explain the impacts of the intervention policy in the settlement system of the study area and to design the desired landscape of the settlement system, the Swat model (SWOT) and the outcome the calculations are from Excel and Select Expert.
Result and Discussion
The study area includes 122 villages affected by Karun 3 and Gotvand Olia dams, the main occupation of these rural villages is agriculture, and some villagers are also engaged in services or government activities. The main feature of the study area is the existence of male-dominated households with a large number of children. Social adherence to old traditions and practices, and special attention for the elderly and also the dead. Forced displacement leads to the dispersion of kinship relations, the correlation between ethnicity and the increase of individualism and isolation, and consequently marginalization and the creation of a community. Forced displacement has caused physical growth and the expansion of targeted villages, but the lack or lack of educational, social and health facilities in these villages has caused residents many problems.
Conclusion
From the results of the SWOT model, it was determined that where the policy makers made all these Khuzestan subnets unavoidably due to national and regional needs, it was inevitable that the policy of intervention (purchasing of property and movable property) to organize their settlement system was not in line with its structural-functional characteristics, but its acceptability and reciprocity Villagers are not included, the consequence of this policy is the marginalization of the cities, the increase in unemployment in the villages of migratory villages, and the bringing of large numbers of people to false jobs. Unfortunately, the lack of space is based on the structural function of this intervention, not understanding the problem of collapse The object of a residential system, regardless of its characteristics, in the economic, social and cultural dimensions of later conflicts, was the source of problems in the area's spatial system, which not only did not satisfy the refugees in the new era, but also witnessed a lot of economic, psychological and financial pressures for them and even residents of the cities and the immigrant populations.
Based on this, the preferred policies for a housing-based housing system within the framework of the SWOT model are presented as follows:
- Offering aggressive strategies based on competitive markets
- Outlines the most important opportunities for improving internal weaknesses by providing revision strategies.
-Stating intra-regional strengths to address the threats of the outermost regions through diversification strategies and defensive strategies to increase regional vulnerability, such as the need to revise the rules on resettlement and forced displacement of people to carry out development plans in the resettlement and allocation of resources Damage future revenues for the development of the region.