Abstract:
دادههای این پژوهش از اطلس زبانی استان لرستان اقتباس شده که در قالبِ اصطلاحات خویشاوندی، واژههای مربوط به عینیتهای طبیعی، واژههای مرتبط با بدن انسان، نام حیوانات، واژههای مربوط به گیاهان، واژههای مربوط به عینیتهای انسانساز، ضمیرها، قیدهای اشاری- مکانی و ادات پرسشی و عددها دستهبندی شدهاند. گونههای زبانیِ آبادیهایی که دادههای آنها بررسی و تحلیل شدهاند، از زبانهای لُری و لکی هستند که دادههای هر یک به صورت جداگانه بررسی و تحلیل شدهاست. پیکرة بررسیشده، هم تنوع دَرخورِتوجه زبانی شهرستان خرمآباد را نشان میدهد و هم تنوع واژگانیِ گونههای زبانی آبادیهای این شهرستان را. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد که در هر دو زبان لری و لکی، مقولۀ واژگانی «عددها» کمترین ضریب تنوع، و مقولۀ واژگانیِ «عینیتهای انسانساز» بیشترین ضریب تنوع را در میان مقولههای واژگانی بررسیشده داشتهاند. همچنین بررسی دادهها نشان میدهد که واژههایی همچون «پدر»، «زبان»، «نان» و «خون» کمترین تنوع را در گونههای زبانی بررسی شده داشتهاند، و از اینرو آنها را باید از بنیادیترین واژههای این گونههای زبانی دانست.
This research is about lexical variation in Khorramabad county of Lorestan province. The data come from the data gathered for Linguistic Atlas of Lorestan. The data are categorized as kinship terms, words related to natural objects, words related to human, animal names, words related to plants, words related to human-made objects, pronouns, demonstrative – place adverbs, question words, and numbers. The language varieties of the villages whose data are analyzed in this research are varieties of Lori and Laki languages for which the coefficient of variation is calculated and analyzed separately. We see not only considerable language variation in Khorramabad, but also many lexical differences in the varieties used in villages of the county. Findings indicate that in both Lori and Laki, the category of number has the least coefficient of variation, and the category of words related to human-made objects has the largest coefficient of variation. The analysis of the data also shows that words for “father”, “language”, “bread”, and “blood” have had the least variation in language varieties whose data have been analyzed in this research, so they can be considered as the most basic words of those language varieties. 1. Introduction In sociolinguistics, dialectology is divided into two main branches, regional dialectology and social dialectology. The main purpose of regional dialectology is studying and documenting language varieties of a particular region, while the purpose of social dialectology is to do the same task about the language varieties of social classes. Based on this categorization, dialects are also divided into "regional dialects" and "social dialects". In Iran, attention to the importance of collecting data of the country's different dialects and the need to prepare an atlas for Iran's languages and dialects has been known by researchers since several decades ago. Lorestan is among the provinces that the Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism has started collecting its villages’ data to prepare the linguistic atlas of the province as a part of Iran's linguistic atlas. Based on these data, in this article, lexical variation of the language varieties of the villages of Khorramabad, the capital of Lorestan province, is analyzed and explained. 2. Theoretical Framework Geeraerts et al. (1994: 3-4) have categorized lexical variation into four categories: "semasiological variation", "onomasiological variation", "contextual variation", and "formal variation". The lexical variation considered in this study is "formal variation" that is a"… situation that a particular referent or type of referent may be named by various lexical items, regardless of whether these represent conceptually different categories or not". In this type of lexical variation, a specific thing, relationship, or concept may be referred to by different lexical items. Such variations are seen in all languages and they can be explained via considering social, historical, geographical, and stylistic factors. 3. Methodology The data of this research have been collected in a field work, using a questionnaire and through face-to-face interviews with the speakers. The questionnaire included a group of words and sentences. The words and sentences are selected in a way that different lexical categories of the language variety in question and its different linguistic structures can be extracted. During the interviews, the data were recorded with the permission of the speakers. Then, using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) the data is transcribed. Then, the data are categorized, and studied and analyzed as kinship terms, words related to natural objects, words related to human, animal names, words related to plants, words related to human-made objects, pronouns, demonstrative-place adverbs, question words and numbers. 4. Results & Discussions Investigation of lexical variation in the eight lexical categories of this study shows that in both Lori and Laki languages, there is no variation in the category of number and therefore this category can be considered as the most fundamental lexical category. Also, the greatest lexical variation, in both languages, can be seen in the category of "words related to human-made objects", that can be explained via consideration of the effect of the geographical environment in which individuals live has on the formation of those entities. A large part of the words of Lori and Laki language varieties of Khorramabad county are common. However, some words are used only in Laki and some only in Lori. As a result, by paying attention to some words, it is possible to know whether the variety in question is Lori or Laki. In addition, there may be an implicative relationship between the use of some words in which phonemes of /z/ and /ʒ/ are used, in a way that - in a number of words - the use of /z/ can be a sign of the variety being Lori, and the use of /ʒ/ can be a sign of the variety being Laki (for example, the use of zæn ‘woman’ and tɛzɡa ‘stove’ in Lori ʒæn ‘woman’ and tæʒɡa ‘stove’ in Laki). These points confirm that Laki and Lori belong to two different subbranches of Iranian languages, Northwestern Iranian and Southwestern Iranian respectively. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions Investigation of lexical variation in the two Iranian languages whose data were studied in this research shows that although language contact has affected the language varieties of the region, they have retained a number of their distinguishing features. Some lexical impacts of Laki on Lori varieties of Khorramabad county are evident, that is why some lexical items used in Lori of the region cannot be seen in other varieties of Lori in other regions of Iran. Among these lexical items, we can mention the use of the word kælæʃir ‘rooster’ in Lori varieties of the region which seems to have entered the Lori of the region of Lorestan from the northwestern Iranian languages through Laki. Select Bibliography Amanolahi Baharvand, S. 2000. Lors: A Historical and Sociological Analysis, Quarterly of National Studies, No. 6, 221-242. [In Persian] Anonby, E. J. 2003. Update on Luri: How many Languages?, JRAS, Seris, (13), 171-197. Dabirmoghadam, M. 2013. Typology of Iranian Languages, Volume 2, Tehran: SAMT. [In Persian] Geeraerts, D., S. Grondelaers, P. Bakema 1994. The Structure of Lexical Variation: Meaning, Naming, and Context, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Izadpanah, H. 2001. Dictionary of Lori, Tehran: Asatir Publication. [In Persian] Mackenzie, D. N. 1961. The Origins of Kurdish, Transactions of the Philological Society, Vol. 60, Issue 1. Morgan, J. MCMIV/1904. Etudes Linguistiques, Dialectes Kurdes, Langues et Dialects du Nord de la Perse, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. Rezayati Kishekhaleh, Moharram, A. Khademi Arde 1998. Thematic Dictionary of Taleshi – Persian, Rasht: Gilan University Publication. [In Persian] Swadesh, M. 1971. The Origin and Diversification of Language, Joel Sherzer (ed.), forwaed by Dell Hymes, Chicago: Aldine-Atherton. Zarinjuyi, M. 2017. Report of Gathering and Documentation of Regional Dialects of Khorramabad, Tehran: Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism, Faculty of Linguistics, Inscriptions, and Texts. [In Persian]
Machine summary:
تحليل و بررسي تنوع واژگاني در آباديهاي شهرستان خرم آباد 1 رضا اميني تاريخ دريافت : ١٣٣٣/١١/٠٦ تاريخ پذيرش : ١٤٠٠/٠٣/٢٢ چکيده داده هاي اين پژوهش از اطلس زباني استان لرستان اقتبـاس شـده کـه در قالـب اصـطلاحات خويشـاوندي، واژه هاي مربوط به عينيت هاي طبيعي، واژه هاي مرتبط با بـدن انسـان ، نـام حيوانـات ، واژه هـاي مربـوط بـه گياهان ، واژه هاي مربوط به عينيت هاي انسان ساز، ضميرها، قيدهاي اشاري- مکاني و ادات پرسشي و عـددها دسته بندي شده اند.
براي نمونه ، دربارة مقولۀ اصطلاحات خويشاوندي زبان لـري، انحـراف معيـار بـا طـي فرايند زير حاصل شده است : [(1-214117)2 + (2-214117)2 + (2-214117)2 + (1-214117)2 + (2-214117)2 + (2-214117) 2 2 + (1-214117)2 + (2-214117)2 + (2-214117)2 + (3-214117)2 + (2-214117)2 + (4-214117) + (4-214117)2 + (3-214117)2 + (3-214117)2 + (3-214117)2 + (4-214117)2] ÷ 17 = 09480968858 از عدد حاصل جذر گرفته ميشود، تا انحراف معيار به دست آيد: = 019737 سرانجام انحراف معيار ( ) را بر ميانگين () تقسيم ميکنيم تا ضريب تنـوع ( در مقولـۀ مورد نظر حاصل شود: با دقت در داده هاي اين مقوله ، متوجه ميشـويم کـه در دسـتۀ واژگـان خويشـاوندي، واژة «پدر» در داده هاي دو زبان کمترين ميزان تنوع را داشته است .
معين ١٣٦٠: مدخل عروس )، در لري و لکي برابر /beji/ را نيز دارد که در برخي از زبان هاي ايرانـي ديگر، همچون تالشي و تاتي، نيز کاربرد آن ديده ميشود، البته با تلفظ هاي ديگري: در تالشـي اين واژه به صورت /vaju/ تلفظ ميشود (نک .
نکتـۀ نخسـت ، ضـرايب تنـوع مقوله هاي واژگاني هشتگانۀ پژوهش است که با توجه به ضرايبي که در بالا براي هر مقولـه بـه دست آمد، در هر يک از دو زبان لري و لکي، رابطۀ ميان آنها به صـورتي اسـت کـه در نمـودار زير ديده ميشود.