Abstract:
ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ و اﺛﺮﮔﺬار در ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮی داﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎی ﺣﻤﺎﺳﯽ و ﻣﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﻪ ﻫـﺎی ﺣﻤﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻠﯽ اﯾﺮان، اﻋﻢ از ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ و ﺣﻤﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻣﻨﻈﻮم ﭘﺲ از آن، ﻧﻤﻮد ﻓـﺮاوان دارد. در ﻧﻮﺷـﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ، درﺑـﺎرۀ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ در ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﻪ ﻫﺎی ﭘﻬﻠﻮاﻧﯽ ﭘﺲ از ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ روش ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ای، ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺤﺘـﻮا و اراﺋﮥ آﻣﺎر، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه، ﺣﺪودا ﺻﺪوﭘﻨﺠﺎه و ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﻮرد ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ در ﺣﻤﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻣﻨﻈﻮم ﻣﻌﺮوف، ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﺷﻬﺮﯾﺎرﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﺳﺎم ﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﮐﻮش ﻧﺎﻣـﻪ، ﻓﺮاﻣﺮزﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﮔﺮﺷﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ و ﺟﻬﺎﻧﮕﯿﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻧﻤﻮد ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮی دارد و در ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﻪ ﻫﺎی ﺑﺎﻧﻮﮔﺸﺴﺐ ﻧﺎﻣـﻪ، ﺑﺮزوﻧﺎﻣـﻪ، ﺷﺒﺮﻧﮓ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﮐﮏ ﮐﻮﻫﺰاد و ﺑﯿﮋن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﻌﺪود و اﻧﮕﺸﺖ ﺷﻤﺎر اﺳﺖ. در ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﻪ ﻫﺎی ﺣﻤﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﻧﻈﯿـﺮ ﺑﺒـﺮ ﺑﯿﺎن، ﺗﻬﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ، داﺳﺘﺎن ﭘﺘﯿﺎره، رزم ﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﺷﮑﺎوﻧﺪ ﮐﻮه و ﺳﻮﺳﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدی ﻧﺪارد. ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ اﻓﺮادی ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ در روزﮔﺎر ﺧﻮد از ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻣﻤﺘﺎز و ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿـﺖ ﺑﺮﺗـﺮ ﺑﺮﺧـﻮدار ﺑـ ﻮده اﻧـﺪ و ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ، ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ اﺧﺘﺮﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺣﮑﺎم ﻧﺠﻮﻣﯽ، ﺷـﺎﻫﺎن و ﺷـﺎﻫﺰادﮔﺎن، ﭘﻬﻠﻮاﻧـﺎن، ﻣﻮﺑـﺪان و ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻨﺎن ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﻓﺮاد ﻋﺎدی ﻧﻘﺶ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮی در ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﻫﺎ ﺑـﺎ اﺑﺰارﻫـﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ اﺳﻄﺮﻻب، ﺟﺎم اﻧﺠﻢ ﻧﻤﺎ، ﺟﺎم ﮔﯿﺘﯽ ﻧﻤﺎ و آﯾﯿﻨﮥ ﺣﮑﻤﺖ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ روی اﻟﻮاح ﮔﻮﻧـﺎﮔﻮﻧﯽ درج ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻨﯿﺎن ﺑﺮای آﯾﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫـﺎی ﻣﺸـﺘﺮﮐ ﯽ دارﻧـﺪ. ﺑﺴـﯿﺎری از ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺧﻮاب و روﯾﺎ، ﯾﺎ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻔﺄل و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺎوراءاﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻪ و ﯾﺎری رﺳﺎن، ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﺳـﺮوش و ﺳـﯿﻤﺮغ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﺗﻤﺎم ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﭘﯿﺸـﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﮐـﺎرﮐﺮد ی اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﯽ دارد، ﭘﻨـﺪ دادن ﺑﺮای اﺻﻼح اﻣﻮر در ﺣﻮزۀ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، آﯾﻨﺪه ﺑﯿﻨﯽ، آﮔﺎﻫﯽ از ﻣﻐﯿﺒﺎت و ﻫﺸﺪارﻫﺎی ﺷﻮم، ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻣـﺮگ، وﯾﺮاﻧﯽ و ﺷﮑﺴﺖ، از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ اﻫﺪاف و ﮐﺎﮐﺮدﻫﺎی ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ در ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﻪ ﻫـﺎ ی ﭘﻬﻠـﻮاﻧﯽ ﻣـﺬﮐﻮر اﺳـﺖ . ﻋﻠـﺖ روی آوردن ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻨﯿﺎن ﺑﻪ اﻣﺮ ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ را ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان داﻧﺶ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺑﺸﺮ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و ﻧﺎداﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎی او از ﮐﺎﺋﻨﺎت و ﺟﻬﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﯽ دانست
Prediction is one of the most important and influential elements in the process of formation of epic and national stories, which is widely reflected in the national epic poems of Iran, including the Shahnameh and subsequent poetic epics. In the present article, the element of prophecy in heroic systems after Shahnameh has been researched by the method of libraries based on content description and analysis and presentation of statistics. Based on the research, about one hundred and fifty-five predictions in these systems have been researched. Has been used. The element of prophecy in famous epic poems; Such as Bahmannameh, Shahriarnameh, Samnameh, Kooshenameh, Faramarznameh, Garshasbnameh and Jahangirnameh, respectively, are more prominent and in the systems, Banogshsabnameh, Barzoonameh, Shebrangnameh, Kok Kuhzad and Bijannameh, they are very few and finger In short epic poems; Prophecies are not used, such as, Babarbian, Tahminehnameh, Dastan Patiareh, Razmnameh Shakavand Kooh and Susannameh. The predictions were made by people who in their time had a privileged social status and superior position, and most predictions were made by astronomers, respectively, based on astronomical rulings, kings and princes, heroes and priests, Brahmins. Ordinary people play a significant role. They do not have predictions. Some predictions with tools such as astrolabe, astrological cup, cosmic cup, mirror of wisdom, and some are written on various tablets that were predicted by the predecessors for the future and have almost common features. Many predictions are based on dreams or divination, supernatural and auxiliary factors, like Soroush and Simorgh, and the vast majority of predictions have been fulfilled. Usually, prediction has a social function; advancing for reform in the political and social system, foresight, awareness of omissions, and ominous warnings, like death, destruction and defeat. It is one of the most important goals and functions of prophecy in the mentioned heroic systems.
(
, 
, 
)
