سنجش کانسپت معماری فضای نیایشگاهی در دوران ماد در نوشیجان تپه ، زاربلاغ و تپه ازبکی Journal Article

Corresponding Author: طالبیان، محمدحسن ؛

Writer: ملکزاده، مهرداد ؛ طاهری، علیرضا ؛

هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی پاییز 1401، دوره بیست و هفتم - شماره 3 ، Science-Research (Ministry of Science/ISC (‎14 page(s) - From 59 to 72 )

Keywords: فضای نیایشگاهی زاربلاغ تپه ازبکی کانسپت معماری معماری ماد نوشیجان تپه places of worship architectural concept medes architecture Noushijan Tappe Zarbolagh Tappe Ozbaki

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Abstract:

مادها به عنوان اولین حکومت یکپارچه و مرکزی ایران شناخته می‌شوند. معماری این حکومت به واسطه کاوش‌های محدود و تاریخ‌گذاری‌های مبهم، دچار ابهاماتی است. بخش عمده معماری ماد را تالارهای ستوندار، مجموعه انبارها و فضاهای نیایشگاهی تشکیل می‌دهند. فضاهای نیایشگاهی به واسطه اطلاعات ناکافی از آیین مادها به‌عنوان پر ابهام‌ترین بخش معماری ماد شناخته می‌شوند. نیایشگاه مرکزی نوشیجان مهم‌ترین فضای نیایشگاهی ماد است که در جریان کاوش‌های آن مشخص شد که این نیایشگاه بدون کوچک‌ترین آسیبی مهر و موم شده است. با کاوش‌های بیشتر در قلمرو حکومتی ماد، محوطه‌های دیگری با شرایط یکسان با نوشیجان آشکار شدند که گمان می‌رود سرنوشت یکسانی با این نیایشگاه داشتند. در این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-_تحلیلی و مطالعه موردی و با هدف خوانش معماری از کانسپت طراحی و کارکرد فضاهای نیایشگاهی ماد، سنجشی معمارانه بین نیایشگاه مرکزی نوشیجان تپه، نیایشگاه زاربلاغ و تپه ازبکی صورت گرفته است، این سنجش در انتها دستیابی به یک الگوی مفهومی دو بخشی در طراحی این نیایشگاه‌ها را میسر می‌سازد. در بخش نتیجه‌گیری، همانندی‌های این نیایشگاه‌ها در زمینه کانسپت و ساختار معماری، بستر محیطی و مصالح ساختمانی ذکر خواهد شد. در نهایت به شباهت‌های ساختاری و عملکردی بناهای مذکور با نیایشگاه غربی نوشیجان تپه، بنای سنگی واسون کهک، نیایشگاه تخچرآباد بیرجند و نیایشگاه حاجی‌خان فامنین نیز اشاره‌ای خواهد شد.

The Medes are known as the first unified and central government of Iran. The historiography of this government faces many uncertainties, but there is no doubt that they were able to establish a unified government in Iran for the first time. The Median period is one of the least well defined periods of Iranian Archeology and Architecture. To speak of Median Art means, first of all, mentioning the huge gaps in our knowledge of Median history. However, architecture in the Medes Dynasty surrounded with ambiguity due to limited explorations and ambiguous dates. An important part of the Medes architecture is devoted to places of worship. The central shrine of Noushijan Tappe is one of the most important ritual spaces of the Medes, and as a result of excavations and observation of the fillings, it was found that this shrine was sealed without the slightest damage. Further excavations in the territory of the Medes, revealed other sites with the same conditions as Noushijan Tappe. It was believed that these shrines had a similar fate as the central shrine of Noushijan Tappe. In this research that is based on a descriptive-analytical method and a case study, with the aim of studying architecture from the concept of design and function of ritual spaces of the Medes, an architectural comparison is made between the Central shrine of Noushijan in Malayer, Zarbolagh shrine in Aliabad Qom and Ozbaki shrine in Nazarabad, in order to reach a design pattern specific to these places of worship. The research concludes that most of the religious buildings built at the time of the Medes Empire were blocked during the Achaemenid rule. The Achaemenids only hindered access to the Medes places of worship and did not destroy them. It seems that the (XPh) inscription of Xerxes and the law against atheistic religions in the Achaemenid period caused these shrines to be blocked. We find that these religious buildings used a special architectural pattern and this pattern is repeated in different forms in most of the religious buildings constructed under the rule of the Medes. It is understood that while the function and architectural concepts remain the same in these buildings, each shows a different architectural design. The architects of that period designed the building in such a way that the sacred space is separated from the main building. Not everybody was allowed into the sacred parts, and those who wished to enter had to wait beforehand in a spare room. Some constructs had a window built in the spare room that gave the person-in-waiting a view to the sacred room. Unfortunately, some of the religious buildings of this historical period were destroyed after many years, which made it difficult to identify this architectural concept in them. In the conclusion section, the similarities of these places of worship will be mentioned in terms of concept and architectural structure, environment and building materials. Finally, the paper will highlight similarities between the western shrine of Noshijan Tappe and Vasun stone building and Takhcharabad shrine and Hajikhan shrine with the above sites.

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