Abstract:
سرمایهی اجتماعی، تابآوری جامعه را در برابر تغییرات محیطی افزایش میدهد. روابط منطقی بین کنشگران اجتماعی و هنجارهای موثر اجتماعی، به ساکنان محلی کمک میکند که منابع و اطلاعات را در زمان وقوع بحرانهای شهری به اشتراک بگذارند. مطالعات نشان داده است که سرمایهی اجتماعی مناسب در جوامع، عاملی حیاتی برای توانمندسازی، سازگاری و کاهش اثرات مخرب در زمان وقوع مخاطرات محیطی است. در همین راستا، هدف اصلی تحقیق، بررسی نقش سرمایهی اجتماعی در تابآوری مناطق شهری هنگام بروز بحرانهای طبیعی و انسانی است که با روش اسنادی، پیمایشی (زمینهیاب) انجام شده است. جامعهی آماری شامل خانوارهای شهر رشت است. حجم نمونه بر اساس فرمول کوکران، 384 نفر و روش نمونهگیری تحقیق، خوشهای چندمرحلهای است. روایی ابزار تحقیق با تحلیل عاملی تاییدی و پانل متخصصان و پایایی آن با آزمون آلفای کرونباخ به میزان 802/0 بررسی شد. ابزار تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها، نرمافزارهای SPSS و Lisrel8. 80 است. یافتههای مدل اندازهگیری نشان داده است که بین عاملهای مکنون و شاخصهای متناظر آنها رابطهی آماری معناداری وجود دارد و مقادیر بارهای عاملی بالاتر از 5/0 و مقادیر تی بیشتر از 96/1 به دست آمده است؛ بنابراین گویههای هر عامل به درستی و با دقت آنرا مورد سنجش قرار دادهاند. همچنین یافتههای مدل ساختاری در راستای بررسی سوالات و آزمون فرضیات نشاندهندهی اثرگذاری سرمایهی اجتماعی بر تابآوری شهری (53/0=Beta؛ 39/7=T) و همچنین تاثیر سرمایهی اجتماعی بر مدیریت پایدار مخاطرات شهری (64/0=Beta؛ 66/7=T) است. در این میان مشخص شد که تابآوری شهری بر رابطهی بین سرمایهی اجتماعی و مدیریت پایدار مخاطرات شهری، نقش میانجی دارد؛ به طوری که نتایج آزمون سوبل با مقدار 6533/4 این یافته را تایید کرده است.
IntroductionCrises occur when the negative effects of disasters are not manage perfectly. Increased natural crises are usually related to population growth, industrialization, climate change, and development. With the development process around the world, people are being forced to live in high-risk areas of high vulnerability; Areas whose environment is not of high quality. In this regard, efforts have been made to reduce the risk of crisis by using various programs in the world. When a crisis occurs, not only are buildings and infrastructure destroyed, but many deficiencies occur in people's lives and have detrimental effects. Social capital enhances society's resilience to environmental change. Logical relationships between social actors and effective social norms help local residents share resources and information when urban crises occur. Studies have shown that proper social capital in societies is a vital factor in empowering, adapting and mitigating the adverse effects of environmental hazardsMethodologyThis research is of applied type and has been compiled by descriptive-analytical and survey method. The statistical population of the study was the citizens of Rasht and the statistical sample has included 384 using the Cochran's formula. Multi-stage cluster sampling method has been used in this research. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire and the validity of the research instrument was calculated using expert opinions and confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha method. In order to observe the normal distribution in the discussion of the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of 45 experts in the field of social capital and urban sustainability and resilience were used. Also, the total reliability of the questionnaire was calculated to be 0.802. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Lisrel 8.80 software using confirmatory factor analysis and confirmation path analysis models.Results and discussionThe results of the measurement model showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the present factors and their corresponding indices, with factor loadings higher than 0.5 and T values greater than 1.96. The structural model findings also show the impact of social capital on urban resilience (T = 7.39 Beta = 0.53) as well as the impact of social capital on sustainable urban hazard management (T = 7.66 Beta = 0.64).If promoted and respected in social capital societies, it will be effective as an informal aid in reducing the effects of the crisis and increasing productivity; This will be done by first recognizing the type of crisis, recognizing temporary habitation, receiving warnings, and ... . In addition, the existence of social capital creates a kind of peace of mind that we rarely see in times of crisis. Solidarity, cohesion and mutual cooperation place local individuals and groups at the center of crisis operations and include a sustainable social network. Close neighborly relations, ethnic and religious solidarity, the spirit of hospitality and helping others in the community of Rasht have increased the role of social capital in reducing the devastating effects of crises and citizens' resilience to disasters and this crisis management approach is easier. The authors have encountered many memories in this regard when distributing the questionnaire among the people, in which people mentioned their memories of volunteering and acknowledged the important role of these aids in improving the situation of the city during and after the crisis.ConclusionUrban disaster management has a special place in Iranian society in general and in Rasht in particular. In recent years, the city of Rasht has faced dangers such as continuous rains, heavy snow, flooding of roads, earthquakes, etc.In the crisis management cycle in these situations, many factors are effective that in this study, the role of social capital in this management process is considered. A review of the results of the theoretical literature and research background shows that social capital is one of the ways to reduce social problems and a factor for the success of crisis management programs and promote economic and social resilience of cities. In the present study, the validity of research items and indicators has been investigated using confirmatory factor analysis. The effect of social capital on urban resilience and in a way on urban crisis management has been confirmed in many studies. In this researchs, social capital with dimensions such as social trust, social cohesion, participation, etc. have been studied. All of these studies have emphasized the crucial role of social capital in reducing casualties and financial losses, rapid return to optimal conditions, reconstruction and rehabilitation, preparedness and prevention of various crises; Without these informal and prompt assistance, crisis management has faced many problems