Abstract:
La question de l’acculturation est cruciale en toute étude de la littérature de l’immigration, parce que les immigrants affrontent de différentes situations dans un pays étranger. Malgré l’intérêt que les chercheurs portent depuis longtemps à l’examen de ce sujet, celui-ci n’a été que rarement l’objet d’une étude méthodique. C’est pour combler ce manque que Declan Barry, le psychologue américain propose sa théorie d’acculturation en la divisant en quatre groupes ; « intégration », « similarité », « séparation » et « marginalisation ».Ce modelé nous permet d’analyser de près les situations d’acculturation des immigrés. Nous avons décidé d’examiner ces notions ci-dessus à travers le roman autobiographique de Maryam Madjidi, Marx et la poupée, le prix Goncourt du premier roman 2017, où l’écrivaine, à travers le regard d’une petite fille raconte les douleurs de l’exil et dépeint ses états mentaux survenus à cause de l’immigration.En analysant chaque notion proposée par Declan Barry dans ce roman, nous allons répondre aux questions principales à propos des immigrés ; comment les immigrés s’adaptent à la nouvelle société ? Quels éléments ont l’effet d’aggraver ou d’améliorer le phénomène de l’acculturation ? Nous allons également nous pencher sur les éléments effectués sur le parcours de la migration. A la fin, nous examinerons laquelle de ces notions demeure encore dans l’attitude de Maryam Madjidi entant que personnage principal du roman.
فرهنگ پذیری یکی از مسایل اساسی در ادبیات داستانی مهاجرت است و به چگونگی تفاوت های فرهنگی میان دو کشور که سبب ایجاد جدال های فرهنگی می شود می پردازد.دکلان بری، روانشناس امریکایی، به منظور پر کردن خلا عدم وجود مطالعه ای روشمند در خصوص مسيله فرهنگ پذیری، نظریه خود را ارايه می دهد. در الگوی ارايه شده توسط وی، چهار راهبرد فرهنگ پذیری از هم متمایز می شود: " یگپارچگی", "همانندگرایی"، " جدایی" و " حاشیه ای شدن". در واقع این نظریه به ما اجازه می دهد که به بررسی موقعیت های گوناگون فرهنگ پذیری در میان مهاجران بپردازیم. در این مقاله تلاش میکنیم راهبرد های مذکور بیان شده توسط روانشناس امریکایی را بر اثر مریم مجیدی، مارکس و عروسک تطبیق دهیم. در این رمان خود زندگی نوشت، نویسنده از خلال دیدگاه یک دختر بچه، درد و رنج ها ی تبعید را به تصویر می کشد و حالات روحی خود و خانواده اش را بیان می کند.همچنین مطالعه حالات و موقعیت های متفاوت مهاجرین، از خلال این رمان، به ما کمک می کند تا دریابیم: چطور مهاجرین خود را با جامعه و فرهنگ جدید وفق می دهند؟ چه عواملی در بهبود بخشیدن و یا از بین بردن پدیده ی فرهنگ پذیری بین مهاجرین موثر هستند؟ چه عواملی بر پدیده مهاجرت تاثیر گذارند؟ و در اخر اینکه کدام راهبرد ارايه شده توسط دکلان بری, در زندگی شخصیت اصلی داستان باقی می ماند؟
Acculturation is one of the fundamental issues in immigration literature, as it
shows how cultural differences between the two countries cause cultural conflicts. The attention that
researchers have long paid to the study of the issue of acculturation, except for a few cases, has not been
studied methodically. In order to fill the gap, Declan Barry, the American psychologist, propose his
theory of acculturation. In the model presented by Declan Barry, four strategies distinct from each other:
Integration, similarity, separation and marginalization. In fact ,this theory allows us to examine the
different situations of acculturation among immigrants. Therefore, choosing " Marx et la poupee "
examine the expressed strategies can help to understand the theory better. In this autobiography novel,
the author, Maryam Madjidi, depicts pain and suffering through a girl's perspective and expresses the
mental states of hers and her family. Therefore, in this article, by studying the different studies and
situations of immigrants. through this novel we are going to find out:
How immigrants adapt themselves to the new society and its culture? What factors are effective in
improving or eliminating the phenomenon of acculturation among immigrants? And finally, which
strategies presented by Declan Barry, remains in the life of the main character of the story?
I. IMMIGRATION AND THEORISTS
Immigration as a social and daily notion, has been presented for some years among people from
different societies. Several psychologists and sociologists, declare their theories to show the situation
and condition of immigrants in their homeland and in the host society. Especially, during the second
half of the twentieth century, introducing the notion of "immigration" in literature, many writers had the
taste to describe the socio-political reality of emigration. In fact, sociologists and theorists in this field
classify the conditions of immigrants into different groups. Among these specialists, to give an example,
the British sociologist, Anthony Giddens proposes three models for the relationship between the
immigrant and the society; "to resemble", "to melt", "cultural pluralism". In this article we are going to
take advantage of the acculturation strategies of Declan Barry, psychologist and professor of
psychology. In his theory, he considers all the states that have occurred to the immigrants. He analyzes
these concepts in four groups; "separation", "marginalization", "similarity", "integration".
Bahareh ADHAMI MOGHADDAM — Extended abstract: The Reflection of the Duality Between the Homeland … | 72
We want to analyze this model through the events that happened to Maryam Madjidi, the writer and the main character of the novel Marx et la poupee an autobiographical story and winner of the Goncourt Prize for first novel. She tells her life story and transforms the events that happened to her through exile in this novel.
II. SEPARATION
According to Declan Barry's notion of "separation," the immigrant, by focusing on his or her own culture, becomes distracted from the target culture. We can see this state from Maryam's second birth, at the age of six, when the family leaves Iran for France. In fact, this distance from his native country revalorizes the past in his eyes and is clearly reflected in his behavior in contact with the daily realities of life. In this novel, during the first moments of immigration, language plays a negative role in the phenomenon of acculturation. The foreign language has two aspects for Maryam, on the one hand, it becomes a means of distancing and on the other hand it is like a dissuasive element, to accept the new culture. In reality, she is only able to communicate with Iranians; she does not accept the French and their culture. A few years later, when Maryam traveled to Iran for the first time at the age of 22, she was so excited about the country and seduced by her first lover that she decided to give up her freedom, which her family had barely earned, for this reunion:
We discovered in this part of Maryam's life, the "separation" from the target culture. In other words, one of the notions mentioned by Declan Barry has arrived for the main character. But this state, in front of the new culture, does not last long and like other immigrants, this immigrant must adapt with the new country.
III. MARGINALIZATION
In this part of Maryam's life, the second notion, defined by Declan Barry, came to her, "marginalization" which presents the condition of the immigrant when he rejects both cultures and accepts neither. This theory can be seen in Maryam's feelings during her early years of immigration when she tried to hide her origin. One of the reasons for his shame is his mother tongue, incomprehensible to all. In other words, neither Iran nor France is her ideal place to live. At the beginning of her return to Iran, Maryam refused to return to France, but little by little, she encountered the limits of freedom in her own country and life in Iran seemed impossible to her, but France was not her utopia either. So she tries to find a solution to save herself from this situation in which she finds herself suspended and alone.
IV. SIMILARITY
As far as we know, learning the target language is not enough, but it is mandatory to be integrated into the new society .In order to continue one's life and to escape from the mockery of others, learning their language is the first and most initial step in order to relate to others. The initiation to a new language also has a bad effect on Maryam, by learning it, she loses, little by little, her identity, it is the third state, defined by Barry, occurred for immigrants under the name of "similarity". This notion presents a situation in which the person forgets his or her cultural identity and turns to the target culture. After some time, Maryam leaves aside her mother tongue. Maryam's behaviors, passionate about the French language, are gradually modified.
In this part of her life the Persian language reminds him of bad memories and these memories take her away from her mother tongue and Finally Maryam decides to completely deny her language and the memories of her native country and bury them.
V. INTEGRATION
Sometimes, it happens that Maryam remembers sweet and unforgettable memories in Iran, She misses these memories and encourages her, step by step, to reconcile with her identity and language. Then, after
Bahareh ADHAMI MOGHADDAM — Extended abstract: The Reflection of the Duality Between the Homeland … | 73
having passed the different mental states in front of the new culture, he arrives at the fourth notion proposed by Declan Barry: "Integration". By this word, he reveals the fidelity of the person to his original culture and to that of the new society at the same time. In fact, in the story Marx et la poupee, Maryam, at last, seeks to integrate her past and the reality of her new life. So despite the reminder of bad memories of Iran, she is happy that in the end she manages to save the little girl stuck between these two cultures and succeeds in finding herself by reconciling with these two cultures. So by accepting both cultures, her own and that of the new society, she manages to live happily abroad without embarrassment.