Abstract:
یکی از ویژگی‌های مهم ادبیات دوران مشروطه عنصر تندزبانی است که از آن به «ناشکیبایی زبانی» تعبیر می‌کنیم. این ویژگی در دو ساحت بروز می‌کند: یکی خشونت‌درون‌گروهی (یعنی هتاکی‌های ادیبان نسبت به یکدیگر) و دیگری برون‌گروهی (یعنی هتاکی به افراد و نهادهای خارج از حوزه ادبیات). هجو و تندزبانی در ادبیات کلاسیک ایران نیز وجود داشته است؛ اما این پدیده در ادبیات عصر مشروطه چند ویژگی دارد: اول هدف آن که از مباحث شخصی و حوزۀ خصوصی به عرصۀ اجتماع کشیده شده و به تندزبانیِ سیاسی بدل می‌شود. دوم عرصۀ انتشار آن که از دیوان‌های اشعار به روزنامه‌ها و نشریه‌های عمومی منتقل می‌شود. سوم وجود نوعی شعر غیررسمی و بداهه است که شخص هجاگو قصد قطعی برای انتشار و عمومیت‌دادن به آن نداشته اما به دلایل مختلف منتشر شده است. در این پژوهش به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با ارائۀ نمونه‌های متعددی از خشونت لفظی در هر دو ساحت ذکرشده، تصویری از وضعیت ادبی عصر مشروطه ارائه می‌دهیم. سپس با بررسی وضعیت سیاسی- اجتماعی این دوران، انگیزه‌ها و علل بروز پدیدۀ خشونت ادبی را می‌کاویم. نتیجۀ این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که اختلاف سیاسی، رقابت بر سر پایگاه اجتماعی، بی‌توجهی به صورت و ساختار شعر و ضعف در زبان ادبی و برجسته‌کردن رذیلت‌های اخلاقی طرف مقابل انگیزه‌های بروز تندزبانی در این دوره هستند. همچنین بی‌ثباتی سیاسی و رواج هرج و مرج، بی اعتنایی به اصل مدارا و اصرار بر تعصب، علل اجتماعی و سیاسی رواج این پدیده هستند.
One of the important features of the Constitutional revolution's literature is the linguistic and literally violence. This feature is seen in two fields: Intergroup and Extergroup. The first relates to internal disputes between literatures and the second is related to literary disputes with those in power of in society, both clerics and politicians. The essence of this violence is rooted in political turmoil in this period of contemporary Iranian history. This violence often originates from social issues not individual ones. As well as its field of publications is public newspapers. Improvisation and informality are other characteristic of this literature. An analytical study of these literary works reveals that there are several motives for their emergence: Political differences, Competitions for social status, Weaknesses in literary language, highlighting the moral weaknesses of the competitor. The socio-political reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: Political instability and the prevalence of the chaos, and insist on prejudice and disregard for the principle of tolerance.
Extended Abstract
Arrogance and harsh language are one of the main characteristics of the literature of the constitutional era. This amount of political sarcasm and sharp language is unique in the history of Iran. In other words, in no period of Iran's literary history has there been so much foul language that originated and was motivated by the world of politics. In fact, the literature of this era has a violent and warm nature and follows fast and emotional movements and is more in favor of revolution and rebellion than it is willing to restore and reform gradually. This extreme emotionalism unintentionally makes the language of the writer of this era sharp and fearless and makes him realize the destructive power of language. Thus, in the constitutional era, the element of satire is highlighted in its most reckless form. This is the manifestation of what should be called linguistic violence. The violence that is a symbol of the inner turmoil and the endless impatience that burns the writers of this period in its fire, blocks the way to any gradual reform or toleration of the opposing voice, and it is not satisfied except to destroy the previous constructions and try to build a new building.
Questions:
In analyzing the phenomenon of obscenity and understanding the motivations for its prevalence in this period, we will seek answers to the following questions: 1- What are the areas of occurrence of obscenity in constitutional literature? 2- What are the characteristics and motivations of obscenity in constitutional literature? 3- What are the social and political causes of profanity in constitutional literature?
Theoretical Framework:
The theoretical framework of this research is the theory of short-term society, which tries to explain the relationship between the state and the nation and other social aspects from the perspective of historical sociology. Based on the comparative study of Iranian and European tradition, this theory points out the important differences between these two cultures. Although this theory has not been formulated specifically in the field of literature, but considering the capacities that exist in this theory and also due to the deep connection between literature and politics in Iranian society, it can be used in this interdisciplinary research.
Fields: Obscenity in the literature of the constitutional era can be analyzed in two areas. The inner field means the conflicts of the writers towards each other and the outer field means the taunts and obscenities of the writers to the people of politics and religion and what is related to social issues.
Attributes: The main characteristics of this phenomenon in the constitutional era are: 1- Using it as a tool of political struggle. 2- Changing the media. 3- Informal literature.
Motives: The obscene motivations of writers in this era can be listed as follows: 1- Difference in political views. 2- Competition for popular popularity. 3- Weak and weak literature. 4- The moral vices of the speaker and the audience.
The social and political causes of the prevalence of this phenomenon from the perspective of short-term society theory:
In expressing the social and political causes of this type of literature, different causes should be mentioned; Including political instability and successive social crises, society's misunderstanding of concepts such as freedom and law, which ultimately leads to chaos in society. Abandoning tolerance and insisting on prejudice that narrows the field for rational interaction and acceptance of the opposite.
Machine summary:
بررسي ويژگيها، انگيزه ها و علل اجتماعي ـ سياسي پديدة هتاکي در ادبيات دورة مشروطه مهدي ظريفيان *١، محمدجعفر ياحقي ٢، محمدعلي همايون کاتوزيان 3 (دريافت : ١٤٠١/٣/١٨ پذيرش : ١٤٠١/٠٥/١٠) چکيده يکي از ويژگي هاي مهم ادبيات دوران مشروطه عنصر تندزباني است که از آن به «ناشکيبايي زباني» تعبير ميکنيم .
هجو و تندزباني در ادبيات کلاسيک ايران نيز وجود داشته است ، اما اين پديده در ادبيات عصر مشروطه چند ويژگي دارد: اول هدف آن که از مباحث شخصي و حوزة خصوصي به عرصۀ اجتماع کشيده و به تندزباني سياسي بدل ميشود.
البته روشن است که «همۀ طنز و هجو دورة بيست سالۀ مشروطه سياسي نيست و همۀ طنز سياسي هم هجو و فحاشي نيست » (کاتوزيان ، ١٣٨٤: ٢٦٩)؛ چنان که سيداشرف الدين گيلاني (نسيم شمال ) در مجموعۀ آثارش و دهخدا در ستون چرند پرند در روزنامۀ صور اسرافيل به تمام معنا اديبي سياسي محسوب ميشوند و با قلم خود به بدگويي و برملا کردن فساد و ناکارآمدي طبقۀ حاکم ميپردازند، اما هتاکي و بيقيدي لفظي ندارند و حرف رکيک به شکلي که در شعر عارف و عشقي هست به کار نميبرند.
محمود عنايت (١٣٦٩) در مقالۀ «دهخدا و طنز سياسي»، محمد شادرويمنش (١٣٨٢) در «طنز در آثار اديب الممالک فراهاني» و حشمت مؤيد (١٣٦٦) در «هزل و طنز و شوخي در شعر بهار» نمونه هايي از اين پژوهش ها ارائه کرده اند که با توجه به تمرکز بر يک نفر و بررسي ويژگيهاي شخصي آثار او با آنچه در مقالۀ حاضر بدان پرداخته ميشود متفاوت است .
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