Abstract:
Notre objectif est de proposer des pistes de connaissances sur l’origine du langage figuré. Si son existence, sa présence et son usage ne font l’ombre d’aucun doute dans l’esprit de la communauté l’on s’interroge moins ou presque pas sur sa provenance, sur son introduction dans le langage humain et dans les interactions verbales quotidiennes de celui-ci. C’est la tâche que s’assigne cette réflexion. Bien plus que pédagogique, cette analyse se veut surtout épistémologique, car, elle vise à mettre en relief ses origines naturelles. Dans ce sens, elle interroge la genèse de l’Homme, l’imputation de la pauvreté du langage originel en expressions, la disposition du psychisme humain à énoncer par figuration. Elle questionne aussi la rhétorique, son berceau émanation, et certaines disciplines linguistiques qui furent son terreau de plénitude. Ces différents points constitutifs des axes focaux de l’étude exhument les principes fondateurs du langage figuré, son corpus d’exploration, son fonctionnement et les attentes subséquentes à son emploi.
هدف ما ارايه راههایی برای شناخت منشا زبان مجازی است. اگر وجود، حضور و استفاده از ان هیچ سایه تردیدی در ذهن جامعه باقی نگذاشته است، در مورد منشا ان، در مورد ورود ان به زبان انسان و در تعاملات کلامی روزمره ان، کمتر یا تقریبا هرگز مورد سوال و کنکاش قرار نگرفته اند. این کنکاش، وظیفه است که پژوهش حاضر برای خود تعیین می کند. این تحلیل بیش از ان که جنبه اموزشی داشته باشد، بیش از هر چیز معرفتشناختی است، زیرا هدف ان برجسته کردن ریشههای طبیعی ان است. به این معنا، این کار، پیدایش انسان، انتساب فقر زبان اصلی در عبارات، تمایل روان انسان برای بیان از طریق تجسم را مورد تفکر قرار می دهد. این پژوهش همچنین بلاغت، مهد ان و برخی رشته های زبانی را که بستر پرورش ان بودند مورد مداقع قرار می دهد. این نقاط مختلف که محورهای کانونی این مطالعه را تشکیل میدهند، اصول بنیادی زبان مجازی، مجموعه کاوش ها، عملکرد و انتظارات بعدی از کاربرد ان را اشکار میکنند.
Figurative language, variously called figure of speech, figure of speech or
figure of speech, is part of the system of linguistic material in its oral and written components. It is a
generic name for all these kinds of expressions qualified as turns, turns of phrase, ways of speaking
which in their forms and in their meanings differ from other forms of expression of speech suggested
as habitual, or normal ordinary.
Figurative language brings with it a history as rich from the point of view of the different facets
which have built its evolution, as all the eras which have dedicated this long history, from Aristotle to
Georges Molinie. However, this long history, which always follows its course, and intimate of the
work and intellectual action, including mainly rhetoric, tends to deny its natural sources which is
explained by the holy scriptures (the Bible and the Koran), the inclination of the mind to understand
by image without taking into account the impact of the evolution of man on his linguistic capacity.
Figurative language is considered in the same way as vocabulary, sentences and verbs given their
common function consisting of the animation of language. However, unlike these which arise
intimately from empirical reflections, figurative language coexisted with language and therefore is
innate in man. The various considerations which it appears only justify scientific variations after man
has realized his existence. In this perspective, it admits as much as these, an expressive form and a
significant form. It does not only fulfill the status of a discursive foundation. It also ensures the
functional state assigned to it. Nevertheless, it itself draws its nature, that is to say its constitution,
from the other facts of language without which it does not exist.
Its signals have been poignant ever since humanity became interested in language, language and
speech, and these have become essential in humanity's study and knowledge. It is to the father of
ancient rhetoric, Aristotle, which the first bases of figurative language belong. In rhetoric, figurative
language is part of elocution, the support of which contributes to ensuring the treatment of speech and
its style assigned to it. The masterpiece of this contribution is The Rhetoric, by this philosopher who
records his poetics of the art of convincing through words. It gives pride of place to metaphor, which
participates in this rhetoric of speech. From there, sounds the starting point of the study and
knowledge of the figures of communicative life.
This figure espouses the convictions of Cicero in the foundation of his rhetoric, the substance of
which boils down to the art of speaking well and writing well. Thus, he integrates the figures with the
Koffi SAMUEL N’ZI — Le Langage Figure : de ses fondements … | 171
principles prevailing in the practice of this rhetoric. Under his direction, the very first outline of the classification of figures into three main trends took shape.
Quintilian follows suit. However, unlike its predecessor, it offers a more simplistic classification aimed at reducing figures into two main classes. This is how he leaves to posterity the figures of thought and those of words.
Among these authors we cite Cesar Chesneau Dumarsais. With him, the approach to figurative language and therefore to the figures which constitute it in its entirety will experience another orientation. Here, his reflections and the perspective in which he places their uses now underlie the requirements of the disciplines of grammar, literature and philosophy, to the detriment of techne rhetorike. These fields of application restrict the extent of these figures to only the tropes admitted within the figures of words.
The theorizations of Pierre Fontanier are in line with those of Cesar Chesneau Dumarsais and establish both the transition between ancient rhetoric favoring figures in its argumentative and ornamental aims and the classical period which announces the era of trade in figurative adventure with literature and linguistics in its various disciplinary obedience’s. From then on, a flowering of theorists emerged. We are therefore witnessing an all-out reflection on figurative expressions, which will largely contribute to its wide dissemination.