Machine summary:
The outbreak of World War-I had put an end to the Qajar dynasty ( 1779-1925); it "formally terminated the traditional political system under which kings ruled arbitrarily and without institutional restrictions as the Shadow of God on Earth,"?" and opened a space for articulation of Pahlavism (1925-1978), which became hegemonic not because of its credibility but, firstly, because no other discourse could present itself as a real hegemonic alternative, and secondly because of the intention/desire of its external co-author: England, and later the United State.
When the state of affairs which had made the Qajars the only power in action, that is, the absence of other available alternatives and, the outside interventionist agency (Russia),'!" were going to be removed,'!" All people were worn out by the fratricidal period of the Constitutional Revolution,' 12) World War I and its aftermath: the occupation oflran by four powers, Turks, Russia, Germany and British; the promotion of nationalist and revolutionary movements (Jangalis movement in the Caspian province ofGilan and Shaikh Mohammad Khiabani's movement in Azerbaijan); the decline of central authority, and exhausted by years of internal warfare and party bickering.
Y" At the center of the Revival Party's 'text' also one could find calls for the separation of religion from politics, industrialization, creation of a well• disciplined army and well-administered bureaucracy, a progressive income tax, the replacement of minority languages throughout Iran by Persian, an expansion of secular education, the improvement of the status of women, a return to pre-Islamic Iran, an emphasis on modern technology and Western philosophy.