Machine summary:
"Edward Mortimer has cited three broad scenarios that nationalism has created in the Islamic world in connection with religion and fundamentalist movements on the one hand and the nation-state on the other.
If in Turkey nationalism replaced Islam, in other parts of the Islamic world religion substituted nationalism as the main constituent element in creating a new nation, including in Saudi Arabia where such a historical phenomenon could be easily noticed.
If "being a Pakistani" (as with being Iranian, Indian, Japanese, American or German) is taken into consideration in terms of either race or nationality, it would be revealed that the emergence of the new nation-state was based on Islamic attachment rather than ethnic or nationalist attachment.
Did Arab national ism and the historic emergence of the nation-state replace Islam in the same way as in Turkey?
Arab nationalism's non-conformity with the three patterns points to the fact that the relationship between nationalism and Islam within the context of the political, social, ideological and cultural discourses between Arabs and the Arab world is more complicated.
If chauvinist Iranians study the pre-Islamic era they will realize the historical culture and civilization they arrive at is nothing but an escape from reality and turning a blind eye to fourteen centuries oflranian history.
This characteristic is the essential reason for the absence of democracy and pluralism in the Middle East contrary to Europe or many other societies wherein nationalism has resulted in the emergence of the phenomenon of the nation-state."
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