Machine summary:
The required cooperation in Islamic scientific and learned circles between science and knowledge, 1 which results in human reasoning ( 'aql) on the one hand, and divine and prophetic references (naql) on the other, are telling illustrations of the unity and the harmony between the divine, the mystical, the religious and the human, the tangible, and the profane.
Second, the spiritual aspect of human knowledge and science in Islam implies that they must be the privileged means by which Muslim scientists and scholars communicate with the divine world.
According to the Islamic outlook, depriving human knowledge and science of this meaning of "spiritual" goes against the nature of things.
For example, positivist scientists might argue that the strong insistence on the spiritual aspect of human knowledge and science is most likely due to Islam's ignorance or limited understanding of the nature of human knowledge and science as essential means by which humans can eventually transform the tangible-materialistic world.
described as the species that most resembles God. Given that the breathed divine spirit is the origin and the source of the human capacity to know and to learn, Muslim scientists and scholars are expected to echo that reality in their work.
e. , pre-modem) Muslim scientists and scholars: a) invoking God at the beginning of their work by praising Him 160 for His infinite knowledge and compassion towards human and nonhuman creatures, and b) making reference in the texts themselves to the Qur'an, the hadith, and other elements of the divine to support their arguments, theories, and scientific discoveries.