Abstract:
ﺩﺭ ﻓﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻚﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ، ﺍﺟﺎﺭﻩ، ﺟﻌﺎﻟﻪ، ﺻﻠﺢ، ﻫﺒﻪ، ﺍﺭﺙ ﻭ... ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻊ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻀﺎﻭﺕ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺣﻘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ ﺟﻠﻮﻩ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻃﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻖ ﺑﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻖ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺣﻘﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ، ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ، ﻭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﺷﻮﻩ ﻭ ﻫﺪﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺷﻮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺩﻟﻪ ﺣﺮﻣﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺳﻨﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.
In Islamic jurisprudence and law، right possession comes from trades such as Ijara، Jualla، Sulh، Hiba، and Irth and etc. accordingly، if someone gives money to others to judge in his favor، or expects grantee to express something wrong as a right، or unlawfully prefer endower to the others، has done something wrong that is not a right reason of possession. Stating the difference between bribe and gift in this essay and the fact that some claimed gifts are bribe in nature، we will review the arguments of prohibition of bribery، invoking Quran and tradition of Prophet and Imams with studying an early Islam case.
Machine summary:
"ﺭﺷﻮﻩ ﺣﺮﺍﻡ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؟ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻜﻢ، ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﺮﻓﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؟ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ؟ ﻭ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺖ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ؟ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺟﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻩ: »ﻟﻢ ﺍﺟﺪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺻﺤﺎﺏ« )ﻧﺠﻔﻲ، 1891، ﺝ22، ﺹ741(؛ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﻴﭻﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ( ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ، ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ: ﻭﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻻﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻳﺤﺮﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺪﻱ ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻢ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻻﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺳﺤﺖ...
ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ، ﺭﺷﻮﻩ ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺤﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ، ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻙ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻳﺚ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻛﺜﺮﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺟﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻴﻀﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ."