چکیده:
This article aims at contrasting aspectual oppositions in English and Persian in the context of the novel The Old Man and the Sea, and its translation by Daryabandari (1983) as the data. Unlike English, in Persian perfective and imperfective forms are morphologically marked. While the vast majority of English simple past forms are translated into Persian by past perfective forms, only less than a quarter of them are translated into this language by past imperfective forms. Most English verbs translated into Persian by past perfectives mainly include past progressives, infinitives and gerunds. In translating English gerunds, simple present forms, prepositional phrases and infinitive forms one normally uses Persian past perfective forms. All Persian non-past forms take mi- obligatorily and they are used in translating a wide range of English non-past forms including simple present and infinitive forms. English simple past forms are mainly used in expressing single events, habits, states and conditionals, whereas the vast majority of Persian past perfectives are used in expressing perfective situations. English simple present forms are mainly used in expressing habits, facts or perfective situations, whereas, Persian non-past forms are mainly used in expressing perfective or progressive situations either in present or future, as well as habits and facts.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"In the context of a contrastive study in Greek and English, Horrocks and Stavrou (2003) note that ‘languages show a systematic correlation between the presence of a grammaticalized opposition between perfective and imperfective aspect lexically/morphologically encoded in verb forms’.
Persian examples (13-15) support the following classification of aspectual oppositions for Persian as shown in Figure 4: verb perfective imperfective repetitive continuous habitual non-habitual progressive Figure 4.
73% %100 Uses of Persian Past Imperfective Forms 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Series 1 1= Progressive Situations, 2= Habits, 3= States, 4= Conditionals, 5= Perfective Situations, 6= Experience, 7= Imperfective Situations, 8= Repetitive Events, 9= Volition, 10= Very Probable Events Graph 4.
87% %100 Uses of Persian Non-Past Imperfective Forms 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Series 1 1= Future Events, 2= Facts, 3=Progressive Situations, 4= Habits, 5= Perfective Situations, 6=Very Probable Events, 7= Volition, 8=Imperfective Graph 5.
As far as semantic-pragmatic side of the issue is concerned, Persian non-past imperfective forms are mainly used in expressing concepts such as future events, facts, progressive situations, habits and perfective events.
As far as non-past perfective/imperfective oppositions are concerned, both in Persian and English the role of context is crucial because in neither of the languages the distinction is formally marked.
However, the two languages differ in that Persian non-past verbal forms are virtually imperfective while English simple present verbs are formally perfective."