خلاصه ماشینی:
Positive symptoms comprise those features that are not normally present, for example, spasticity, flexor spasms, clasp knife phenomenon, clonus, associated reactions, spastic dystonia, and pathological co-contractions (8, 26, 35-37).
Clinical Features of Hypertonicity Neural Components: Positive symptoms: Spasticity Flexor spasm Clasp knife phenomenon Clonus Associated reaction Spastic dystonia Pathological co-contraction Negative symptoms: Weakness Loss of selective control of muscles and limb segment Fatigability Biomechanical Components: Muscle shortness Muscle contracture Fibrosis Atrophy 68 Vol. 9 - Special Issue - Child Neurorehabilitation Based on Barens, 2001; Burke, 1988; Katz &Rymer, 1989; Mayer, 1997; O‟Dwyer et al.
The biomechanical components of hypertonicity include shortness occurring in soft tissues, muscles, joints, and blood vessels as well as contractures causing limitation in passive range of motion (26, 36).
Negative symptoms caused by upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions in hypertonicity may include weakness that is characterized by an inability to generate force adequately, and slow movement (8, 26, 36).
Biomechanical changes in muscles may be largely responsible for hypertonicity (25) and may contribute to resistance to passive movements more than tonic stretch reflexes (37).
In the assessment of a client with recent onset of hypertonicity (before the onset of shortness and contracture), the abnormal resistance against passive movement is the result of reflexes and neural activities.
Biomechanical components as well as positive and negative symptoms may affect the movement activities (movement dysfunction) of a person with hypertonicity (26, 36, 39, 46), resulting in limitations in occupational performance (i.