چکیده:
One of the narrative strategies employed in different ways by men and women writers is the presentation of narrator. The significance of narrator is so much that it differentiates between the realistic and non-realistic fiction and specifically men's and women's writings in realistic fiction. Robyn R Warhol's theory based on Genette's is applied to Adam Bede by George Eliot to focus on woman as writer. Warhol specifies five touchstones for distinguishing engaging and distancing narrators which consist of 1) The degree of irony present in references to the narratee; 2)The frequency of direct address to the narratee; 3)The names by which the narratee is addressed; 4)The narrator's stance toward the characters; 5)The narrator's implicit or explicit attitude towards the act of narration. These five touchstones are examined in Adam Bede to come to the conclusion about the nature of the narrator، whether engaging or distancing.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Robyn Warhol (1986) lays heavy emphasis on the narrator (voice) who makes a fiction seem real to the reader and engages the reader in the world of the narrative so much that the reader identifies with the narratee.
Therefore, "by taking up the strategies that men used in real-world discourse--the earnest exhortation, the personalized direct address to an audience, the insistence on speaking about a truth—the women transformed those rhetorical forms into feminine codes in literary discourse [emphasis added]" (Warhol, 1989, p.
In Adam Bede, Eliot tries to engage the reader by the help of the narrator as well as Dinah's sermon that evokes the presence of Jesus.
Therefore, prolepsis functions not only to generate suspense, which is one of the strategies in realism, but also "to reinforce the authority of the narrator "to create a sympathetic atmosphere and engage the reader in the narrative" (Bridgeman, 2005, p.
291) The importance of sympathy, its definition in George Eliot's view, its influence in realistic fiction, and consequently its role in decreasing the distance (related to Mood) between story and narration and, thus, between reader and story as an engaging strategy are studied in Mood with the help of Genette's (1980) Mood in this discourse to suggest the interaction and interdependency of Mood and Voice in depicting George Eliot's engaging strategy in Adam Bede.
Sympathy, moral teaching, didactic realism and other sketches drawn from life such as details given about characters, events, and scenes are all bring the narrative to life and makes it function as a realistic narrative and consequently fill the gap between the story and narration (Genette's Mood).