خلاصة:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of task constraint in learning football chip through observation. For this purpose, 20 children (mean age of 11.6±1.7) participated in this study and were randomly divided into two groups (10 individuals). At the acquisition stage, one group watched the model and they were told nothing about kicking the ball, while the other group was told that the task is to kick a ball that should land on a specified target. At the acquisition stage, participants performed 30 attempts (three blocks of ten attempts each) which before the first attempt, they watched the model's film five times, and again, after each attempt they watched the film. After 24 hours, participants were again called to the lab and performed ten attempts as a reminder. The kinematic movement of the participants was recorded in order to compare it with the model. The results showed that the non-ball group had a more similarity to the model than the group with the ball. However, these results showed that in the speed variable, the movement of the group with the ball is more similar to the model. These results were explained in terms of goal-directed imitation theory as well as the existence of an external goal in the task.
ملخص الجهاز:
In other studies, it has been shown that the existence of an external goal may not be the main constraint for observational learning (Cole, Atkinson, D'Souza, Welsh, Skarratt, 2017; Cracco et al.
In parallel with the results of this research, another study on bowling showed that the existence of a goal in the task would lead to more similar movements of the participants with the model (Hayes, Hodges, Huys, Williams, 2007).
For the main effect of the block, Bonferroni's post hoc test was used, which results showed a significant difference between the first and third block of acquisition (P 66 | P a g e Iranian Journal of Learning and Memory 2018, 1(3) Table 3.
However, when there was no task, it was likely that the pattern displayed was the main goal of the participants, which is why their movement was more similar to the model than the group with the ball (Wild et al.
According 68 | P a g e Iranian Journal of Learning and Memory 2018, 1(3) to this view, the parameters of the movement variable are not achievable through observation, but in this study, the group that performed the movement with a ball had the same speed as the model person.
Also, the results of this study showed that although the existence of an external goal negatively impacts the movement pattern, it would be helpful to achieve the movement parameter, and the movement speed of the individuals' body parts will be more similar to the model in comparison to the non-goal condition.